Xref: utzoo gnu.emacs.gnus:261 comp.emacs:6349 Path: utzoo!attcan!utgpu!jarvis.csri.toronto.edu!rutgers!tut.cis.ohio-state.edu!bob From: bob@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (Bob Sutterfield) Newsgroups: gnu.emacs.gnus,comp.emacs Subject: GNUS 3.12 (08 of 10) Message-ID: Date: 26 Jun 89 13:29:38 GMT Sender: bob@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu Reply-To: Bob Sutterfield Followup-To: gnu.emacs.gnus Organization: The Ohio State University Dept of Computer & Information Science Lines: 1362 #!/bin/sh # this is part 8 of a multipart archive # do not concatenate these parts, unpack them in order with /bin/sh # file gnus.texinfo continued # CurArch=8 if test ! -r s2_seq_.tmp then echo "Please unpack part 1 first!" exit 1; fi ( read Scheck if test "$Scheck" != $CurArch then echo "Please unpack part $Scheck next!" exit 1; else exit 0; fi ) < s2_seq_.tmp || exit 1 sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' >> gnus.texinfo Xand other important definitions of your computing environment are Xdescribed in this section. Since these definitions depend heavily on Xyour environment, you'd better be familiar with the operating system you Xare using. Knowledge of the USENET software is also important. X X@menu X* Server: NNTP Server. How to define NNTP server. X* Service: NNTP Service. How to define NNTP service. X* Domain:: How to define your domain and organization. X* GENERICFROM:: How to use GENERICFROM feature. X* GENERICPATH:: How to use GENERICPATH feature. X* Startup File:: About the startup files of GNUS. X@end menu X X@node NNTP Server, NNTP Service, Environment, Environment X@subsection NNTP Server X@cindex NNTP server X X@vindex gnus-nntp-server X The variable @code{gnus-nntp-server} specifies the default NNTP Xserver. To define the server @samp{flab}, put the following code in X@file{.emacs}, @file{site-init.el} or @file{default.el}:@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-nntp-server "flab") X@end example X X@vindex NNTPSERVER X The variable @code{gnus-nntp-server} is initialized from the X@code{NNTPSERVER} environment variable. To define the server using the X@code{NNTPSERVER} environment variable, put the following code in X@file{.login}:@refill X X@example Xsetenv NNTPSERVER "flab" X@end example X X@cindex private directory X@pindex MH X If an NNTP server is preceded by a colon such as @samp{:Mail}, the Xuser's private directory @file{~/Mail} is used as the news spool. This Xmakes it possible to read mail stored in MH folders or articles saved by XGNUS. @xref{Private Directory}, for more information.@refill X X GNUS will ask you for the NNTP server at start up time unless it is Xdefined. Even if the default server is defined, it is possible to Xchoose another server by invoking GNUS with a prefix argument like X@kbd{C-u M-x gnus} (@pxref{Getting Started}).@refill X X@node NNTP Service, Domain, NNTP Server, Environment X@subsection NNTP Service X@cindex NNTP service X X@vindex gnus-nntp-service X The default service name of NNTP is @code{"nntp"}. You may, however, Xhave to define the service name as the number @code{119} as Xfollows:@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-nntp-service 119) X@end example X X@cindex local news spool X If you'd like to use a local news spool of your machine directly Xinstead of NNTP, set the variable to @code{nil} as follows:@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-nntp-service nil) X@end example X X@findex system-name X@noindent XIn this case, the NNTP server must be a local host name returned by the Xfunction @code{system-name} (@pxref{Local News Spool}).@refill X X@node Domain, GENERICFROM, NNTP Service, Environment X@subsection Domain and Organization X@cindex domain X@cindex organization X X @dfn{Domain} and @dfn{organization} must be defined before you post Xyour first article, because they are included in all articles you post Xand will be used for identifying who you are.@refill X X@findex system-name X @dfn{Domain} is the domain part of your mail address excluding the Xlocal host name. For example, if your mail address is X@samp{umerin@@photon.stars.flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP} and the local host name Xis @samp{photon}, your domain is @samp{stars.flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP}. If Xthe function @code{system-name} of your Emacs returns the full Internet Xname, you do not have to define the domain.@refill X X @dfn{Organization} is the organization you belong to. It must be Xdefined unless it is defined in the file X@file{/usr/lib/news/organization}.@refill X X@vindex gnus-your-domain X@vindex gnus-your-organization X To define the domain @samp{stars.flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP} and the Xorganization @samp{Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan.} using Xlisp variables, put the following code in @file{.emacs}, X@file{site-init.el} or @file{default.el}. If you are a system Xadministrator and are installing GNUS for other users, X@file{site-init.el} is the best place to define this because the domain Xand organization are common to all users of the system.@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-your-domain "stars.flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP") X(setq gnus-your-organization X "Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan.") X@end example X X@vindex DOMAINNAME X@vindex ORGANIZATION X The @code{DOMAINNAME} and @code{ORGANIZATION} environment variables Xare used instead, if defined. To define these variables, put the Xfollowing code in @file{.login}.@refill X X@example Xsetenv DOMAINNAME "stars.flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP" Xsetenv ORGANIZATION "Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan." X@end example X X@cindex .organization X@cindex /usr/lib/news/organization X If the value of the @code{ORGANIZATION} environment variable or the Xvariable @code{gnus-your-organization} begins with a slash, it is taken Xas the name of a file whose contents are read for the value. If neither Xof these is defined, and a file X@file{~/.organization-@var{distribution}} or @file{~/.organization} Xexists, the contents of that file are used. If neither of them does not Xexist, and the file @file{/usr/lib/news/organization} exists, its Xcontents are used.@refill X X@node GENERICFROM, GENERICPATH, Domain, Environment X@subsection GENERICFROM X@cindex GENERICFROM X@cindex From field X X@vindex gnus-use-generic-from X If the variable @code{gnus-use-generic-from} is non-@code{nil}, the Xlocal host name of your machine will not appear in the @samp{From:} Xfield of article headers you post. This is called the @dfn{GENERICFROM} Xfeature in the Bnews system. This may be useful if there are many Xworkstations connected to each other in a local area network, and Xaliases service or automatic forwarding of mail is supported between the Xworkstations.@refill X X To use the GENERICFROM, put the following code in @file{.emacs}, X@file{site-init.el} or @file{default.el}. If you are a system Xadministrator and are installing GNUS for other users, X@file{site-init.el} is the best place to define it because the Xdefinition is common to all users of the system having the same domain Xand organization (@pxref{Domain,, Domain and Organization}).@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-use-generic-from t) X@end example X X@vindex gnus-your-domain X@vindex DOMAINNAME X As a special case of the GENERICFROM feature, if the variable X@code{gnus-use-generic-from} is a string, it is used as your domain Xinstead of the definition of the environment variable @code{DOMAINNAME} Xor the variable @code{gnus-your-domain} (@pxref{Domain,, Domain and XOrganization}).@refill X X@node GENERICPATH, Startup File, GENERICFROM, Environment X@subsection GENERICPATH X@cindex GENERICPATH X@cindex Path field X X@vindex gnus-use-generic-path X If the variable @code{gnus-use-generic-path} is @code{nil}, the NNTP Xserver name followed by the user login name is used in the @samp{Path:} Xfield of article headers you post. If it is a string, the string Xfollowed by the user login name is used instead. Otherwise, if it is Xnon-@code{nil}, only the user login name is used. This is called the X@dfn{GENERICPATH} feature in the Bnews system.@refill X X For example, to define the generic path @samp{flab}, put the following Xcodes in @file{.emacs}, @file{site-init.el} or @file{default.el}. If Xyou are a system administrator and are installing GNUS for other users, X@file{site-init.el} is the best place to define it because the Xdefinition is common to all users of the system having the same domain Xand organization (@pxref{Domain,, Domain and Organization}).@refill X X@example X(setq gnus-use-generic-path "flab") X@end example X X@noindent XIn this case, the @samp{Path:} field will be generated as X@samp{Path:@: flab!@var{user}}.@refill X X@node Startup File,, GENERICPATH, Environment X@subsection Startup File X@cindex startup file X@cindex .newsrc X X@vindex gnus-startup-file X@cindex server specific startup file X @dfn{Startup file} is a file recording information on articles you Xhave already read. GNUS uses @file{.newsrc} for the startup file as in Xthe Bnews system. If you think you will talk to exactly one NNTP Xserver, you can use it without any problems. Otherwise, if you want to Xtalk to several NNTP servers, you'd better use server specific startup Xfiles since startup files are not portable between servers. The server Xspecific startup file for an NNTP server on a machine @var{server} is a Xfile named @file{.newsrc-@var{server}}. For example, X@file{.newsrc-photon} is for an NNTP server on a machine named X@samp{photon}. The primary name of the startup file, @file{.newsrc}, is Xspecified by the variable @code{gnus-startup-file} X(@pxref{Variables}).@refill X X@kindex U (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group X@kindex C-k (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-kill-group X@cindex options -n in startup file X@cindex add newsgroups X@cindex new newsgroups X@cindex kill newsgroups X GNUS automatically adds newly created newsgroups to a startup file Xwhen getting started. To prevent adding the newsgroups under some Xnewsgroup hierarchies, you can use the options line in the startup file. XOption @code{-n} of the options line in the startup file is recognized Xproperly the same as for the Bnews system. For example, if the options Xline is @samp{options -n !talk talk.rumors}, newsgroups under the X@samp{talk} hierarchy except for @samp{talk.rumors} are ignored while Xchecking new newsgroups. These ignored newsgroups can be added manually Xusing the command @kbd{U} (@code{gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group}) in the XNewsgroup buffer. Use the command @kbd{C-k} X(@code{gnus-Group-kill-group}) to kill newsgroups from the startup file Xper a newsgroup basis. @xref{Maintenance}, for more information.@refill X X@kindex R (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-restart X@cindex quick startup file X@cindex .newsrc.el X Once a startup file is updated by GNUS, the @dfn{quick startup file} Xof which the file name is generated by appending @file{.el} to that of Xthe raw startup file is also created. The quick startup file can be Xread by Emacs faster than the raw startup file since all information in Xthe file is in lisp form. If there is a quick startup file and it is Xnewer than the raw startup file, the quick startup file is loaded Xinstead of the raw startup file. If the raw startup file is newer, it Xis normally read after loading the quick startup file. You should not Xremove the quick startup file because it contains additional Xinformation. Instead, make the raw startup file newer than that by Xtouching it or force GNUS to read it by using the command @kbd{R} X(@code{gnus-Group-restart}) in the Newsgroup buffer if you want to Xreflect the changes of the raw startup file to GNUS.@refill X X@node Texinfo Manual,, Environment, Installation X@section Texinfo Manual X@pindex gnus.texinfo X@cindex Texinfo X@cindex Info X@cindex @TeX{} X X @file{gnus.texinfo} is a manual of GNUS written in Texinfo format. XThis file can be printed using @TeX{}, and also can be read using Info XMode of Emacs.@refill X X@vindex Info-directory X@vindex gnus-Info-directory X@cindex create Info file X@cindex install Info file X @inforef{Creating an Info File, Creating an Info File, texinfo}, to Xcreate an on-line Info file from the Texinfo manual. If you are not Xallowed to create the Info file in the standard Info directory specified Xby the variable @code{Info-directory}, create it in your private Xdirectory and set the variable @code{gnus-Info-directory} to the Xdirectory.@refill X X@kindex C-c C-i X@findex gnus-Info-find-node X@cindex read Info file X@cindex Info X If this Info file is installed, you can read the documentation of GNUS Xaccording to the current major mode of GNUS. The command X@code{gnus-Info-find-node} for reading appropriate Info nodes of the XInfo file is assigned to @kbd{C-c C-i} in all major modes of XGNUS.@refill X X@cindex print Texinfo manual X @inforef{Printing Hardcopy, Printing Hardcopy, texinfo}, to print a Xhardcopy of the manual.@refill X X@node Starting up, Buffers of GNUS, Installation, Top X@chapter Starting up GNUS X X@ifinfo X This chapter describes how to get started GNUS, how to use a local Xnews spool directly, and how to read private directory. X@end ifinfo X X@menu X* Getting Started:: How to get started GNUS. X* Local News Spool:: How to use a local news spool. X* Private Directory:: How to read a private directory. X@end menu X X@node Getting Started, Local News Spool, Starting up, Starting up X@section Getting Started GNUS X@cindex invoke GNUS X@cindex run GNUS X X@kindex M-x gnus X@findex gnus X Type @kbd{M-x gnus} at the top level of GNU Emacs to invoke GNUS. XUnless a default NNTP server is defined, you will be asked for the name Xof the server. The NNTP server can be changed at startup time by giving Xa prefix argument to the command even if a default server is defined. X@xref{NNTP Server}, to define the default server.@refill X X@table @kbd X@item M-x gnus X@kindex M-x gnus XRun GNUS using the default NNTP server. X X@item C-u M-x gnus X@kindex C-u M-x gnus XRun GNUS without using the default NNTP server. X@end table X X@node Local News Spool, Private Directory, Getting Started, Starting up X@section Using Local News Spool X@cindex local news spool X X@vindex gnus-nntp-service X@findex system-name X If the NNTP server is the local host name (exactly the same as the Xvalue returned by the function @code{system-name}), and the variable X@code{gnus-nntp-service} is nil, GNUS looks up the local news spool of Xyour machine directly instead of NNTP (@pxref{NNTP Service}).@refill X X It may be a good idea not to use NNTP if you wish to reduce network Xtraffic (even if an NNTP server is running on the local machine) though Xcommands for retrieving articles by Message-IDs may take longer or not Xwork at all. @xref{Referencing Articles}, to refer to articles by the XMessage-IDs, and @pxref{Spool Variables}, for more information on the Xrestrictions.@refill X X@node Private Directory,, Local News Spool, Starting up X@section Reading a Private Directory X@cindex private directory X@cindex MH folder X X@cindex active file X@pindex MH X If an NNTP server is preceded by a colon such as @samp{:Mail}, the Xuser's private directory @file{~/Mail} is used as the news spool. This Xmakes it possible to read mail stored in MH folders or articles saved by XGNUS. An active file for the directory is generated from files of which Xthe file name consists of only numeric characters, and other files Xcontaining non-numeric characters in their file name are ignored.@refill X X A server specific startup file for each directory must be created Xbefore starting GNUS. For example, a startup file for the directory X@file{~/Mail} is a file named @file{.newsrc-:Mail}. @xref{Startup XFile}, for more information on the server specific startup file.@refill X X@node Buffers of GNUS, Newsgroup Commands, Starting up, Top X@chapter Buffers of GNUS X@cindex GNUS buffers X@cindex buffers of GNUS X@cindex GNUS windows X@cindex windows of GNUS X@cindex GNUS major modes X@cindex major modes of GNUS X X@vindex gnus-window-configuration X@cindex window configuration X@cindex configure windows X Basically GNUS uses three buffers in Emacs: Newsgroup buffer, Subject Xbuffer, and Article buffer. Each of them is associated with a specific Xmajor mode of Emacs. The configuration of the windows displaying these Xbuffers are customizable by using the variable X@code{gnus-window-configuration}. @xref{Variables}, for more Xinformation on customizing the window configuration. X X@menu X* Newsgroup Buffer:: a buffer for listing newsgroups. X* Subject Buffer:: a buffer for listing subjects and other important headers. X* Article Buffer:: a buffer for displaying messages of articles. X@end menu X X@node Newsgroup Buffer, Subject Buffer, Buffers of GNUS, Buffers of GNUS X@section Newsgroup Buffer X@cindex Newsgroup buffer X@cindex Group Mode X X @dfn{Newsgroup buffer} is for listing newsgroups. The major mode of Xthis buffer is @dfn{Group Mode}. The buffer is created and popped up Xwhen GNUS starts. Newsgroups which are subscribed to and contain unread Xarticles are usually listed in the buffer. If there is no such Xnewsgroup, the buffer will be empty and a message @samp{No news is good Xnews.} will be displayed in the echo area of Emacs.@refill X X The contents of a Newsgroup buffer looks something like the following: X X@example X@var{SM NUMBER}: @var{NEWSGROUP} X@end example X X@table @var X@item S XA character indicating whether the newsgroup is subscribed to. @samp{U} Xmeans the newsgroup is unsubscribed. @samp{ } means it is subscribed Xto.@refill X X@item M XA character indicating whether there are unread articles in the Xnewsgroup. @samp{*} means there are no newly arrived articles in the Xnewsgroup. @samp{ } means there are newly arrived articles.@refill X X@item NUMBER XThe number of unread articles in the newsgroup. X X@item NEWSGROUP XThe name of the newsgroup. X@end table X X@node Subject Buffer, Article Buffer, Newsgroup Buffer, Buffers of GNUS X@section Subject Buffer X@cindex Subject buffer X@cindex Subject Mode X X @dfn{Subject buffer} is for listing subjects and other important Xheaders of articles. The major mode of the buffer is @dfn{Subject XMode}. The buffer is created for each newsgroup when the newsgroup is Xselected in the Newsgroup buffer.@refill X X The contents of a Subject buffer looks something like the following: X X@example X@var{S NUMBER}:@var{C}[@var{LINES}:@var{AUTHOR}] @var{SUBJECT} X@end example X X@table @var X@item S XA character indicating whether an article is newly arrived. @samp{ } Xmeans the article is newly arrived. @samp{D} means it was read and Xmarked so. @samp{-} means it was read once but marked as unread Xagain.@refill X X@item NUMBER XThe number assigned to the article. X X@item C XA character indicating which article is currently selected. @samp{+} is Xplaced on the current article.@refill X X@item LINES XThe number of lines of the article body. X X@item AUTHOR XMail address of the author of the article. X X@item SUBJECT XSubject of the article. X@end table X X@vindex gnus-optional-headers X Strings between @samp{[} and @samp{]} are optional, and can be Xcustomized using the variable @code{gnus-optional-headers}. X@xref{Variables}, and @pxref{Hooks}, for more information on Xcustomization.@refill X X@node Article Buffer,, Subject Buffer, Buffers of GNUS X@section Article Buffer X@cindex Article buffer X@cindex Article Mode X X @dfn{Article buffer} is for displaying articles. The major mode of Xthe buffer is @dfn{Article Mode}. Very few commands are available in Xthis buffer because most operations on the buffer can be done in the XSubject buffer.@refill X X@node Newsgroup Commands, Subject Commands, Buffers of GNUS, Top X@chapter Newsgroup Commands X X The Newsgroup buffer is intended to show newsgroups which are Xsubscribed to and contain unread articles. Unsubscribed newsgroups or Xnewsgroups containing no unread articles are not usually displayed in Xthe buffer. X X Commands for browsing through newsgroups, selecting newsgroups to Xread, and maintaining newsgroups are described in this chapter. X X@menu X* Browsing Newsgroups:: Browsing through newsgroups. X* Selecting a Newsgroup:: Selecting a newsgroup to read articles. X* Maintenance:: Maintaining newsgroups. X* Exiting GNUS:: How to exit GNUS. X* Other Newsgroup Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. X@end menu X X@node Browsing Newsgroups, Selecting a Newsgroup, Newsgroup Commands, Newsgroup Commands X@section Walking Around Newsgroups X X First of all, you have to move the point to a newsgroup to read Xarticles in it. X X@table @kbd X@item n X@kindex n (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-next-unread-group XMove point to the next newsgroup containing unread articles X(@code{gnus-Group-next-unread-group}).@refill X X@item p X@itemx DEL X@kindex p (Group Mode) X@kindex DEL (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-prev-unread-group XMove point to the previous newsgroup containing unread articles X(@code{gnus-Group-prev-unread-group}).@refill X X@item N X@itemx C-n X@kindex N (Group Mode) X@kindex C-n (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-next-group XMove point to the next newsgroup (@code{gnus-Group-next-group}). X X@item P X@itemx C-p X@kindex P (Group Mode) X@kindex C-p (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-prev-group XMove point to the previous newsgroup (@code{gnus-Group-prev-group}). X X@item j @var{newsgroup} RET X@kindex j (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-jump-to-group XMove point to the specified @var{newsgroup} X(@code{gnus-Group-jump-to-group}).@refill X X@item / X@kindex / (Group Mode) XDo an incremental search forward (@code{isearch-forward}). X X@item < X@kindex < (Group Mode) XMove point to the beginning of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}). X X@item > X@kindex > (Group Mode) XMove point to the end of the buffer (@code{end-of-buffer}). X X@item r X@kindex r (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-restrict-groups X@cindex restrict newsgroups XRestrict visible newsgroups to the current region specified by the point Xand the mark (@code{gnus-Group-restrict-groups}).@refill X@end table X X@kindex j (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-jump-to-group X The command @kbd{j} (@code{gnus-Group-jump-to-group}) reads a Xnewsgroup name interactively, and moves the point to it. If there is no Xsuch newsgroup in the buffer, a line for the newsgroup is inserted at Xthe beginning of the buffer.@refill X X@kindex r (Group Mode) X@kindex C-x w X@findex gnus-Group-restrict-groups X@findex widen X@cindex restrict newsgroups X The command @kbd{r} (@code{gnus-Group-restrict-groups}) restricts Xvisible newsgroups to the current region specified by the point and the Xmark. This is useful if you want to concentrate on a restricted set of Xnewsgroups in a region. Type @kbd{C-x w} (@code{widen}) to remove the Xrestriction.@refill X X@node Selecting a Newsgroup, Maintenance, Browsing Newsgroups, Newsgroup Commands X@section Selecting a Newsgroup X@cindex select newsgroup X@cindex read newsgroup X X@kindex SPC (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-read-group X@kindex = (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-select-group X If you successfully move the point to a desired newsgroup, you can Xselect the newsgroup to read articles by typing @kbd{SPC} X(@code{gnus-Group-read-group}) or @kbd{=} X(@code{gnus-Group-select-group}) on that line.@refill X X@table @kbd X@item SPC X@kindex SPC (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-read-group XSelect the newsgroup, and then select the first unread article Xautomatically (@code{gnus-Group-read-group}).@refill X X@item = X@kindex = (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-select-group XSelect the newsgroup (@code{gnus-Group-select-group}). No article is Xselected automatically.@refill X@end table X X@kindex SPC (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-read-group X@vindex gnus-auto-select-first X@vindex gnus-Select-group-hook X To prevent automatic selection of the first unread article even when Xthe newsgroup is selected by the command @key{SPC} X(@code{gnus-Group-read-group}), set the variable X@code{gnus-auto-select-first} to @code{nil}. If you want to change the Xvalue of the variable according to the selected newsgroups, set the Xvariable in the hook @code{gnus-Select-group-hook}.@refill X X@kindex SPC (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-read-group X@kindex = (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-select-group X@cindex select all articles X@cindex read all articles X If unread articles are contained in a selected newsgroup, they become Xready to be read. Otherwise, all articles in the newsgroup become ready Xto be read. All articles in a newsgroup can be selected unconditionally Xby giving a prefix argument to the commands @key{SPC} and @key{=} X(@code{gnus-Group-read-group} and X@code{gnus-Group-select-group}).@refill X X@vindex gnus-large-newsgroup X@cindex large newsgroup X If the number of articles being selected is larger than the variable X@code{gnus-large-newsgroup}, the number of articles actually selected is Xasked for. If the given value @var{n} is positive, the last @var{n} Xarticles will be selected. If @var{n} is negative, the first @var{n} Xarticles will be selected. An empty string means to select all Xarticles.@refill X X @xref{Variables}, and @pxref{Hooks}, for more information on Xcustomization.@refill X X@node Maintenance, Exiting GNUS, Selecting a Newsgroup, Newsgroup Commands X@section Maintaining Newsgroups X X Subscription of newsgroups, deletion of bogus newsgroups, and other Xrelated operations are described in this section. X X@table @kbd X@item c X@kindex c (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-catch-up XMark all articles as read in the newsgroup, preserving articles marked Xas unread (@code{gnus-Group-catch-up}).@refill X X@item C X@kindex C (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-catch-up-all XMark all articles as read in the newsgroup X(@code{gnus-Group-catch-up-all}).@refill X X@item l X@kindex l (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-list-groups XRedisplay newsgroups which are subscribed to and containing unread Xarticles (@code{gnus-Group-list-groups}).@refill X X@item L X@kindex L (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-list-all-groups XDisplay all newsgroups unconditionally X(@code{gnus-Group-list-all-groups}).@refill X X@item u X@kindex u (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-unsubscribe-current-group XUnsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the newsgroup X(@code{gnus-Group-unsubscribe-current-group}).@refill X X@item U @var{newsgroup} RET X@kindex U (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group XUnsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the specified @var{newsgroup} X(@code{gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group}). If it is not contained in the Xstartup file, it is added to the file.@refill X X@item C-k X@kindex C-k (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-kill-group X@cindex kill newsgroups XKill the newsgroup from the startup file (@code{gnus-Group-kill-group}). X X@item C-y X@kindex C-y (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-yank-group X@cindex yank newsgroups XYank the last newsgroup killed with the command @kbd{C-k} before the Xcurrent line (@code{gnus-Group-yank-group}).@refill X X@item C-c C-y X@kindex C-c C-y (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Browse-killed-groups XPop up a buffer for browsing the killed newsgroups X(@code{gnus-Browse-killed-groups}).@refill X X@item b X@kindex b (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-check-bogus-groups XCheck bogus newsgroups (@code{gnus-Group-check-bogus-groups}). Bogus Xmeans non-active.@refill X X@item g X@kindex g (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-get-new-news X@cindex active file XGet newly arrived articles (@code{gnus-Group-get-new-news}). In fact, XGNUS reads the active file from the NNTP server again.@refill X X@item R X@kindex R (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-restart X@cindex startup file X@cindex .newsrc XForce to read the raw startup file and get newly arrived articles X(@code{gnus-Group-restart}). X@end table X X@kindex c (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-catch-up X@kindex C (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-catch-up-all X@kindex c (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-catch-up-and-exit X@cindex catch up X@cindex cross-references X@cindex Xref field X The commands @kbd{c} and @kbd{C} (@code{gnus-Group-catch-up} and X@code{gnus-Group-catch-up-all}) mark all articles as read in a Xnewsgroup. These commands do not take account of the cross-reference Xinformation in the @samp{Xref:} field, while the command @kbd{c} X(@code{gnus-Subject-catch-up-and-exit}) in Subject Mode does.@refill X X@kindex L (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-list-all-groups X Only subscribed newsgroups containing unread articles are usually Xdisplayed in the Newsgroup buffer. Type @kbd{L} X(@code{gnus-Group-list-all-groups}) to show all newsgroups which are Xcurrently active.@refill X X@kindex U (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group X@cindex options -n in startup file X@cindex add newsgroups X@cindex new newsgroups X The command @kbd{U} (@code{gnus-Group-unsubscribe-group}) reads a Xnewsgroup name interactively, and toggles its subscription flag if it is Xalready in the startup file. Otherwise, if it is not contained in the Xstartup file, it is added to the file. Thus, you can add newly created Xnewsgroups manually which are not added automatically because of the Xoptions line in the startup file. @xref{Startup File}, for more Xinformation on the startup file and options line.@refill X X@kindex C-k (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-kill-group X@kindex C-y (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-yank-group X@kindex C-c C-y (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Browse-killed-groups X@cindex kill newsgroups X@cindex yank newsgroups X@cindex order of newsgroups X@cindex change the order of newsgroups X@cindex startup file X@cindex .newsrc X The command @kbd{C-k} (@code{gnus-Group-kill-group}) kills a newsgroup Xfrom both the Newsgroup buffer and the raw startup file. The last Xnewsgroup killed with the @kbd{C-k} command can be yanked using the Xcommand @kbd{C-y} (@code{gnus-Group-yank-group}). The command @kbd{C-c XC-y} (@code{gnus-Browse-killed-groups}) pops up the @dfn{Browse-Killed Xbuffer} for browsing the killed newsgroups. In this buffer, the killed Xnewsgroups can be yanked in any order using the command @kbd{y} or X@kbd{C-y} (@code{gnus-Browse-killed-yank}). Thus, you can change the Xorder of newsgroups in the Newsgroup buffer without editing the raw Xstartup file directly. Since the information on the killed newsgroups Xwill be stored in the quick startup file, they can be restored any time Xunless you lose the file.@refill X X@kindex b (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-check-bogus-groups X@cindex bogus newsgroups X@cindex delete newsgroups X A @dfn{bogus newsgroup} is one not in the list of active newsgroups in Xthe active file. Bogus newsgroups which are deleted or renamed must be Xdeleted from the startup file (@pxref{Startup File}) explicitly by the Xcommand @kbd{b} (@code{gnus-Group-check-bogus-groups}).@refill X X@kindex R (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-restart X@cindex startup file X@cindex .newsrc X The command @kbd{R} (@code{gnus-Group-restart}) is useful to restart XGNUS using the raw startup file instead of the quick startup file. XGenerally speaking, if you want changes to the raw startup file to be Xnoticed by GNUS, it must be newer than the quick startup file. X@xref{Startup File}, for more information on the startup file.@refill X X@kindex g (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-get-new-news X@cindex active file X GNUS reads the active file at start up time to know about currently Xactive articles. This information is not updated unless you force GNUS Xto do so with the command @kbd{g} (@code{gnus-Group-get-new-news}) or Xthe command @kbd{R} (@code{gnus-Group-restart}).@refill X X@node Exiting GNUS, Other Newsgroup Commands, Maintenance, Newsgroup Commands X@section Exiting GNUS X X@table @kbd X@item s X@itemx x X@kindex s (Group Mode) X@kindex x (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-force-update X@cindex update startup file X@cindex save startup file XUpdate the startup file @file{.newsrc} (@code{gnus-Group-force-update}). X X@item z X@kindex z (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-suspend XSuspend the current GNUS session to make it possible to resume it later X(@code{gnus-Group-suspend}).@refill X X@item q X@kindex q (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-exit XUpdate the startup file @file{.newsrc}, and then exit GNUS X(@code{gnus-Group-exit}).@refill X X@item Q X@kindex Q (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-quit XExit GNUS without updating the startup file @file{.newsrc} X(@code{gnus-Group-quit}).@refill X@end table X X@kindex z (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-suspend X@kindex g (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-get-new-news X If a GNUS session is suspended by the command @kbd{z} X(@code{gnus-Group-suspend}), it is possible to resume it later without Xany time-consuming initializations. Switch to the Newsgroup buffer and Xtype @kbd{g} (@code{gnus-Group-get-new-news}) to get newly arrived Xarticles if you want to resume the suspended GNUS session. It is a good Xidea to update the startup file (@pxref{Startup File}) before suspending XGNUS.@refill X X@kindex q (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-exit X@kindex Q (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-quit X If you want to forget what you read this GNUS session, exit GNUS by Xthe command @kbd{Q} (@code{gnus-Group-quit}). Otherwise, exit by the Xcommand @kbd{q} (@code{gnus-Group-exit}) to update the startup Xfile.@refill X X@vindex gnus-Exit-gnus-hook X@vindex gnus-Suspend-gnus-hook X The hook @code{gnus-Exit-gnus-hook} is called when exiting GNUS, and Xthe hook @code{gnus-Suspend-gnus-hook} is called when suspending GNUS. XIf you want to clear out Emacs buffers which were created by GNUS and Xremain afterwards, use these hooks.@refill X X@node Other Newsgroup Commands,, Exiting GNUS, Newsgroup Commands X@section Miscellaneous Commands X X Other miscellaneous commands are described here. X X@table @kbd X@item a X@kindex a (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-post-news XCompose a new article (@code{gnus-Group-post-news}). @xref{Followup and XReply}, for more information.@refill X X@item M-k X@kindex M-k (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-edit-local-kill X@cindex edit local KILL file XEdit a local KILL file (@code{gnus-Group-edit-local-kill}). @xref{KILL XFile}, for more information.@refill X X@item M-K X@kindex M-K (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-edit-global-kill X@cindex edit global KILL file XEdit a global KILL file (@code{gnus-Group-edit-global-kill}). X@xref{KILL File}, for more information.@refill X X@item V X@kindex V (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-version X@cindex version number of GNUS X@cindex GNUS version number XPrint version number of this GNUS (@code{gnus-version}). X X@item ? X@kindex ? (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Group-describe-briefly X@cindex brief help message X@cindex help briefly XDescribe Group Mode commands briefly X(@code{gnus-Group-describe-briefly}).@refill X X@item C-c C-i X@kindex C-c C-i (Group Mode) X@findex gnus-Info-find-node X@cindex read Info file X@cindex Info XRead Info on Group Mode (@code{gnus-Info-find-node}). X@xref{Texinfo Manual}, to prepare an Info file of GNUS.@refill X@end table X X@node Subject Commands, Article Commands, Newsgroup Commands, Top X@chapter Subject Commands X X The Subject buffer is intended to show interesting headers of articles Xin a newsgroup and to help you know what kind of discussions are being Xheld there. Messages of articles are displayed in the Article buffer Xwhich is usually popped up automatically when necessary. Scrolling of Xthe messages and most other commands on articles can be done in the XSubject buffer. X X@menu X* Reading Articles:: How to read articles. X* Searching Articles:: Searching for articles. X* Referencing Articles:: Referencing parent articles. X* Saving Articles:: Saving articles in your favorite format. X* Sorting Headers:: Sorting subjects and other headers. X* Followup and Reply:: Followup and reply commands. X* Exiting Newsgroup:: How to exit the current newsgroup. X* Other Subject Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. X@end menu X X@node Reading Articles, Searching Articles, Subject Commands, Subject Commands X@section Reading Articles X X@ifinfo X Commands for browsing headers and reading messages are described here. X@end ifinfo X X@menu X* Browsing Headers:: Browsing through headers. X* Moving Among Articles:: Selecting articles. X* Scrolling:: Browsing through a message. X* Marking Articles:: Marking articles as (un)read. X* Digest Articles:: How to read digest articles. X@end menu X X@node Browsing Headers, Moving Among Articles, Reading Articles, Reading Articles X@subsection Walking Around Headers X X@table @kbd X@item C-n X@kindex C-n (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-subject XMove point to the next header (@code{gnus-Subject-next-subject}). X X@item C-p X@kindex C-p (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-subject XMove point to the previous header (@code{gnus-Subject-prev-subject}). X X@item M-n X@kindex M-n (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-unread-subject XMove point to the next header, skipping marked articles X(@code{gnus-Subject-next-unread-subject}).@refill X X@item M-p X@kindex M-p (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-unread-subject XMove point to the previous header, skipping marked articles X(@code{gnus-Subject-prev-unread-subject}).@refill X X@item j @var{number} RET X@kindex j (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-goto-subject XMove point to the header specified by the article @var{number} X(@code{gnus-Subject-goto-subject}).@refill X X@item / X@kindex / (Subject Mode) XDo an incremental search on headers (@code{isearch-forward}). X@end table X X@kindex SPC (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-page X@kindex g (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-show-article X These commands are for moving the point on headers. Type @key{SPC} X(@code{gnus-Subject-next-page}) or @kbd{g} X(@code{gnus-Subject-show-article}) to read an article on the line X(@pxref{Scrolling}).@refill X X@table @kbd X@item = X@kindex = (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-expand-window XExpand the Subject Mode window to show the headers full window X(@code{gnus-Subject-expand-window}).@refill X X@item C-t X@kindex C-t (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-toggle-truncation XToggle truncation of the Subjet buffer X(@code{gnus-Subject-toggle-truncation}).@refill X@end table X X@kindex = (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-expand-window X@kindex C-x 1 X@findex delete-other-windows X The command @kbd{=} (@code{gnus-Subject-expand-window}) expands the XSubject Mode window by deleting the Article Mode window. It is very Xuseful for displaying the Subject buffer full window when browsing Xthrough many headers. The command behaves different from the command X@kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) if windows more than two are Xdisplayed.@refill X X@kindex C-t (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-toggle-truncation X@cindex truncation of lines X Long lines in the Subject buffer are truncated and the continuation Xlines are not displayed normally. The command @kbd{C-t} X(@code{gnus-Subject-toggle-truncation}) toggles the truncation of the Xlines in the buffer.@refill X X@node Moving Among Articles, Scrolling, Browsing Headers, Reading Articles X@subsection Moving Among Articles X X The commands described here are for moving the point on headers, and Xthen automatically selecting articles. X X@table @kbd X@item n X@kindex n (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-unread-article XRead the next article, skipping marked articles X(@code{gnus-Subject-next-unread-article}).@refill X X@item p X@kindex p (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-unread-article XRead the previous article, skipping marked articles X(@code{gnus-Subject-prev-unread-article}).@refill X X@item N X@kindex N (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-article XRead the next article (@code{gnus-Subject-next-article}). X X@item P X@kindex P (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-article XRead the previous article (@code{gnus-Subject-prev-article}). X X@item M-C-n X@kindex M-C-n (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-same-subject XRead the next article with the same subject as the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-next-same-subject}).@refill X X@item M-C-p X@kindex M-C-p (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-same-subject XRead the previous article with the same subject as the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-prev-same-subject}).@refill X X@item M-x gnus-Subject-next-unread-same-subject X@findex gnus-Subject-next-unread-same-subject XRead the next article with the same subject as the current article, Xskipping marked articles.@refill X X@item M-x gnus-Subject-prev-unread-same-subject X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-unread-same-subject XRead the previous article with the same subject as the current article, Xskipping marked articles.@refill X X@item . X@kindex . (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-first-unread-article XRead the first unread article X(@code{gnus-Subject-first-unread-article}).@refill X X@item l X@kindex l (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-goto-last-article XRead the article selected last (@code{gnus-Subject-goto-last-article}). X X@item J @var{number} RET X@kindex J (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-goto-article XRead the article specified by the article @var{number} X(@code{gnus-Subject-goto-article}).@refill X@end table X X@kindex n (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-unread-article X@kindex p (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-unread-article X@vindex gnus-auto-select-same X@pindex rn X If the variable @code{gnus-auto-select-same} is non-@code{nil}, the Xcommands @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} (@code{gnus-Subject-next-unread-article} Xand @code{gnus-Subject-prev-unread-article}) move the point to unread Xarticles with the same subject as the current article like the commands X@kbd{M-x gnus-Subject-next-unread-same-subject} and @kbd{M-x Xgnus-Subject-prev-unread-same-subject}, respectively. If you are used Xto running @samp{rn -S}, set the variable to non-@code{nil}.@refill X X@vindex gnus-auto-select-next X The variable @code{gnus-auto-select-next} defines the behavior of GNUS Xwhen there is no unread article in the current newsgroup and a command Xselecting the next unread article is executed. If the variable is Xnon-@code{nil}, the next newsgroup containing unread articles is Xselected automatically.@refill X X @xref{Variables}, for more information on customization.@refill X X@node Scrolling, Marking Articles, Moving Among Articles, Reading Articles X@subsection Scrolling Within an Article X X@kindex SPC (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-page X Type @key{SPC} (@code{gnus-Subject-next-page}) to scroll to the next Xpage of the current article. If no article is selected yet, an article Xnear the point is selected and its first page is displayed in the XArticle buffer. The next unread article is selected automatically if X@key{SPC} is typed at the end of the message.@refill X X@table @kbd X@item SPC X@kindex SPC (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-next-page XScroll to the next page of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-next-page}). Select it first if no article is Xselected yet. Select the next unread article automatically at the end of Xthe message.@refill X X@item DEL X@kindex DEL (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-prev-page XScroll to the previous page of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-prev-page}).@refill X X@item RET X@kindex RET (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-scroll-up XScroll up or down one line of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-scroll-up}).@refill X X@item < X@kindex < (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-beginning-of-article XMove point to the beginning of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-beginning-of-article}).@refill X X@item > X@kindex > (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-end-of-article XMove point to the end of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-end-of-article}).@refill X X@item w X@kindex w (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-stop-page-breaking X@cindex page break X@cindex break into pages XStop page breaking (@code{gnus-Subject-stop-page-breaking}).@refill X X@item v X@kindex v (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-show-all-headers XShow all headers of the current article X(@code{gnus-Subject-show-all-headers}).@refill X X@item t X@kindex t (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-toggle-header XShow all headers of the current article if pruned header currently Xshown, or vice versa (@code{gnus-Subject-toggle-header}).@refill X X@item C-c C-r X@kindex C-c C-r (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-caesar-message X@cindex rot 13/47 X@cindex caesar messages X@cindex encrypted articles XCaesar rotate letters by 13 places and Japanese characters by 47 places X(@code{gnus-Subject-caesar-message}).@refill X X@item g X@kindex g (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-show-article XForce to read the current article again X(@code{gnus-Subject-show-article}). X@end table X X@vindex gnus-window-configuration X@cindex window configuration X@cindex configure windows X If the Article buffer is not visible, it is popped up under the XSubject buffer when necessary. The height of the Subject buffer and Xthat of the Article buffer can be customized by using the variable X@code{gnus-window-configuration}.@refill X X@cindex rot 13/47 X@cindex caesar messages X@cindex encrypted articles X@kindex C-c C-r (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-caesar-message X The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{gnus-Subject-caesar-message}) rotates Xall letters in the message body of the current article by 13 places. XJapanese characters are rotated by 47 places. Running the command twice Xon the same article results the original message.@refill X X@vindex gnus-break-pages X@vindex gnus-page-delimiter X@cindex page break X@cindex break into pages X If the variable @code{gnus-break-pages} is non-@code{nil}, the message Xis broken into pages at page delimiters specified by the variable X@code{gnus-page-delimiter}. The variable @code{gnus-more-message} Xspecifies a message displayed at the end of the pages. The command X@kbd{w} (@code{gnus-Subject-stop-page-breaking}) temporary suspends page Xbreaks.@refill X X@kindex t (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-toggle-header X@vindex gnus-ignored-headers X The variable @code{gnus-ignored-headers} specifies header fields which Xshould be ignored. The command @kbd{v} X(@code{gnus-Subject-show-all-headers}) shows all headers of the current Xarticle, while the command @kbd{t} (@code{gnus-Subject-toggle-header}) Xtoggles the headers.@refill X X @xref{Variables}, and @pxref{Hooks}, for more information on Xcustomization.@refill X X@node Marking Articles, Digest Articles, Scrolling, Reading Articles X@subsection Marking Articles X@cindex article marks X@cindex mark articles X X GNUS uses three kinds of marks to indicate article status. X X@itemize @bullet X@item XWhite space @samp{ } for newly arrived articles. X@item XDash @samp{-} for articles marked as unread. X@item XAny other characters for articles marked as read. X@end itemize X X The status is displayed at the beginning of each line of the Subject Xbuffer. Commands for marking or removing these marks are as follows: X X@table @kbd X@item d X@kindex d (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-mark-as-read-forward XMark article as read, and then move to the next subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-mark-as-read-forward}).@refill X X@item D X@kindex D (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-mark-as-read-backward XMark article as read, and then move to the previous subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-mark-as-read-backward}).@refill X X@item u X@kindex u (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-mark-as-unread-forward XMark article as unread, and then move to the next subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-mark-as-unread-forward}).@refill X X@item U X@kindex U (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-mark-as-unread-backward XMark article as unread, and then move to the previous subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-mark-as-unread-backward}).@refill X X@item M-u X@kindex M-u (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-clear-mark-forward XClear marks, and then move to the next subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-clear-mark-forward}).@refill X X@item M-U X@kindex M-U (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-clear-mark-backward XClear marks, and then move to the previous subject X(@code{gnus-Subject-clear-mark-backward}).@refill X X@item k X@kindex k (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-kill-same-subject-and-select XMark articles with the same subject as the current article as read, and Xthen select the next unread article X(@code{gnus-Subject-kill-same-subject-and-select}).@refill X X@item C-k X@kindex C-k (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-kill-same-subject XMark articles with the same subject as the current article as read X(@code{gnus-Subject-kill-same-subject}).@refill X X@item c X@itemx M-x gnus-Subject-catch-up-and-exit X@kindex c (Subject Mode) X@findex gnus-Subject-catch-up-and-exit X@cindex catch up XMark all articles, which are not marked as unread, as read, and then Xexit the current newsgroup.@refill X X@item M-x gnus-Subject-catch-up-all-and-exit X@findex gnus-Subject-catch-up-all-and-exit X@cindex catch up XMark all articles as read, and then exit the current newsgroup.@refill X X@item M-x gnus-Subject-catch-up X@findex gnus-Subject-catch-up X@cindex catch up XMark all articles as read, preserving articles marked as unread. X X@item M-x gnus-Subject-catch-up-all X@findex gnus-Subject-catch-up-all X@cindex catch up SHAR_EOF echo "End of part 8, continue with part 9" echo "9" > s2_seq_.tmp exit 0