Path: utzoo!utgpu!jarvis.csri.toronto.edu!mailrus!iuvax!cica!gatech!udel!mmdf
From: V61%DHDURZ1.BITNET@cunyvm.cuny.edu (Ronald Lamprecht)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: huge preformance increase for ST and PC
Message-ID: <20058@louie.udel.EDU>
Date: 19 Jul 89 20:10:24 GMT
Sender: mmdf@udel.EDU
Lines: 594

This is a collection of patches that provid a general performance increase of
11% to 35% for the ST. One important patch should also be valid for the PC
and I would guess, that the result is a speedup of 3 to 7%.

The Improvements:

- Elimination of unnecessary multiplications in proc.c message stuff:
  (This is common to ST and PC !)

     Did you know that every message causes 4 pointer multiplications during
     the phase where all interrupts are blocked ? And 3 of them could be
     avoided !
     The multiplications are hidden in the statements "proc_addr(caller)"
     what expands to "&proc[NR_TASKS+caller]" causing a pointer multiplication
     that cannot be avoided. But there is no reason to repeat this calculation
     in every subroutine. Instead of transfering only the caller number the
     related pointer to the process structure could and should be passed, too.
     Furthermore even to 'sys_call' the interrupt handler can pass not only
     the variable caller (extracted from the external cur_proc) but also
     the related ptr which can be copied from 'proc_ptr'. By this means all
     3 occurences of "proc_addr(caller)" in proc.c (sys_call,mini_send,
     mini_rec) can be avoided. Only "proc_addr(dest)" remains.
     You may be astonished, but on the ST this 4 multiplications costs more
     than 50% of the message passing time (appr. 300 us)! And while the
     processor executes these multiplications all interrupts are disabled !
     On a PC it will not be that expensive because here you have only 16 bit
     multiplications. But due to my results (see below) for the ST I expect
     a more than noticable effect for the PC, too.
     I think this is a good example for "The Book" to show that it is not
     important to program everthing in assembler, but that you should take
     care what C statements you choose in time-critical parts.

     Effected by this patch are:
       kernel/proc.c  - new arguments for sys_call,mini_send,mini_rec
                        elimination of "proc_addr(caller)"
                        changed references for mini_send,mini_rec (notice:
                        "proc_addr(HARDWARE)" will be evaluated by the compiler
                        and causes no multiplication!)
       kernel/system.c - changed reference to mini_*
                         (PC: please check *.c for further mini_*,sys_call
                          references !)
       kernel/stmpx.s  - changed reference to sys_call
                         (PC: change reference in klib88.s to sys_call !)

      (PC: please note that the provided ST patches cannot be applied directly,
       because of different line numbering and additional ST stuff in the old
       routines. Therefore I would propose, that the first one who applies
       these patches to the PC should post the appropriated PC cdiffs)
     There are more hidden multiplications and divisions (ptr differences)
     in proc.c. But they are in less time critical parts and more difficult
     to eliminate. So I thinks it's not worth changing them.

All further patches apply only to 680x0 processors:

- Reduction of 32bit multiplications to 16bit multiplications in _mli.s:

     The multiplications caused by "&proc[n]" statements will be compiled
     to _mli.s subroutine calls. 32 bit multiplications are necessary
     because both the element size and the index n could be greater than
     64k (16 bit). But the 680(0,1)0 can only handle 16 bit multiplications.
     Therefore 4 mulu calls are necessary to realize the 32 bit multiplication.

     What I have done besides a slight code improvment is introducing a check
     before executing the multiplications. When both arguments are less 64k
     I will execute only the low word x low word multiplication and guess
     the upper LW result. But nevertheless I will execute all 4 multiplications
     if necessary.

     Effected by this patch is:

        lib/_mli.s  - which should be substituted by the new one.
                      (don't forget to recompile the lib and copy it to
                      /usr/lib)

     Of cause this patch affects not only the kernel but all other programs
     that are linked with the new library. I haven't measured the speedup
     for average other programs yet.

- improved phys_copy routine in optimized assembler:

     This improvement is based on Dale Schumacher's posting [1],[2] and
     Klamer Schutte's bug fix [3]. Indeed it's Klamer's version with a few
     further improvments (more registers used for copy). I didn't apply
     the patches for the FS as posted in [1] and rejected in [2] by Dale.

     Effected by this patch are:

        kernel/copy68k.s -  new file containing phys_copy,...
        kernel/system.c  -  #if 0 #endif elimination of old C phys_copy

     I have been disappointed by the results of this patch. It's contribution
     to the total resulting speed increase is very low. Even though Dale wrote:
     >This version is
     >optimized for the typical copy block sizes used most by Minix (determined
     >by actual profiling, thanks Todd!),
     he couldn't detect with profiling the time that is wasted during the
     message handling with all interrupts disabled.
     In [2] Dale asked:
     > Also keep in mind that there is a factor of 16
     >improvement in floppy performance just around the corner if someone can
     >find another way of feeding data to the floppy task more efficiently!
     Measuring a performance increase with synchronized floppy access doesn't
     make much sense. But you could speed up the floppy access by simply
     using another interleave factor (see results below).

- improved shadow routines in optimized assembler:

     I rewrote the flipclicks,copyclicks and zeroclicks subroutines in
     stshadow.

     Effected by this patch are:

       kernel/stshadow.c - #if 0 #endif elimination of old C routines
       kernel/copy68k.s  - new file containing assembler routines

     The speed increase by this patch is quite impressive (see below).

- improved message_copy routine in optimized assembler:

     Instead of using the struct copy statement "*dst_m = *src_m" that is
     compiled by the ACK compiler to very bad code, I made a phys_copy
     call, where a special fast copy for messages is provided. This patch
     can be en/disabled by defining FSTRUCOPY in const.h. Other compilers
     may produce better structure copying code.

     Effected by this patch are:
        kernel/const.h -  FSTRUCOPY defined for ST-ACK
        kernel/proc.c  -  phys_copy call introduced
        kernel/copy68k.s -  phys_copy optimized for message copies

     Of course a further perfomance increase could be achieved by writing
     a special assembler message copy routine. But this routine would be
     dependent on the message size. My patches would work even if the
     message size is changed without adapting copy68k.s (only a slight
     performamce derease would be the consequence)

Perfomance report:

I have tested the following commands:
                                                                  test for:
 - img copy  :  cp minix.img /dev/fd0                             phys_copy
 - vi -> flex:  calling flex from vi (both with more than 300k)   shadow
 - flex -?   :  a page of output to stderr                        messages
 - cp        :  cp /usr/bin/flex /tmp                             all
 - make      :  make make  (a realistic application)              all

Results:

          old   +mli +phys_cpy +shadow +caller_ptr +FSTRUCOPY   perf.increase

img copy 40"5   39"9   39"9      39"3     39"5        39"3           ?
vi->flex  2"85   2"65   2"60      2"30     2"15        2"11        +35.1%
flex -?  10"65   9"70   9"66      9"53     8"85        8"50        +25.3% (*)
cp        5"48   5"14   5"04      5"05     4"41        4"39        +24.8%
make     4'40"                                        4'12"        +11.1%

(*) after linking FS,MS with the _mli enhanced library version a further
    performance increase to 8"26 = 28.9% could be measured!
(The time are measured by hand for 1 to 3 test calls -- thus giving 1/100 s
values does not always make sense)

Besides the floppy copy the results are quite impressive. Even make make
that spends a lot of time in usermode shows a speed increase of 11%.

Floppy access is overlapped by the rotation synchronization and therefor not
a good test object. But floppy access depends on the used interleave factor.
Because Dale's results [1] for the old kernel are extremly high:
>1:30 of wall-clock time under my older kernel (around 0:55 with a
>GCC-compiled kernel), but it only takes 0:12 seconds now!
I made some experiments with different interleave factors (all disks formatted
with 11 sec./track,1 sided for minix.img):

   Interleave factor   cp minix.img /dev/fd0   cp minix.img /dev/fd0
                             from harddisk       from RAM disk

           1               1'01"5                    1'02"
           2                 39"5                      35"
           3                 37"2                      36"
           4                 38"1                      41"
           5                 50"8                      53"
           6                 45"4                      44"

So I guess Dale uses an interleave of 1. Interesting is also the fact that
sometimes the harddisk is faster than the RAM disk due to the DMA usage
instead of a 68000 copy operation.


MANIFEST:
    kernel/const.h_cdiff   -  FSTRUCOPY added
    kernel/copy68k.s       -  new file
    kernel/Makefile_cdiff  -  copy68k.s added
    kernel/proc.c_cdiff    -  message speedup (caller_ptr, FSTRUCOPY)
    kernel/stmpx.s         -  changed sys_call arguments
    kernel/stshadow.c_cdi  -  copy routines disabled
    kernel/system.c_cdiff  -  phys_copy disabled, mini_send arguments changed
    lib/_mli.s             -  new version
    README                 -  this file


[1] Fast phys_copy() and direct FS copying  by Dale Schumacher from 13 Jun 89
[2] Fast kernel copy BUG!                   by Dale Schumacher from 15 Jun 89
[3] Fix for phys_copy by Dale Schumacher    by Klamer Schutte  from 16 Jun 89

All patches have been tested thoroughly within the last few days and should
be free of bugs. Wish you a good performance increase and resulting more spare
time to make own contributions.

The cdiffs and additional files are shared, compressed and uuencoded
(Sorry, but I'm on EBCDIC-Bitnet):

Bitnet:  V61@DHDURZ1                               Ronald Lamprecht
UUCP:    ...!unido!DHDURZ1.bitnet!V61              Theoretische Physik
ARPAnet: V61%DHDURZ1.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU       (Heidelberg, West Germany)
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end
-------------------------------------end-------------------------------------