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From: pnettlet@gara.une.oz.au (Philip Nettleton)
Newsgroups: comp.ai.philosophy
Subject: Testing Intelligence (Re: Turing Test).
Keywords: AI, intelligence, philosophy
Message-ID: <4832@gara.une.oz.au>
Date: 29 Nov 90 23:09:07 GMT
Organization: University of New England, Armidale, Australia
Lines: 100

I thought it was about time I reposted the general requirements for
determining a system (automated or biological) as being intelligent,
developed over the last six months of comp.ai and comp.ai.philosphy.
This definition is unbiased in its assessment of the system and uses
standard terms to describe the systems behaviuoral characteristics.

Constructive critism will be used to further enhance this set of
requirements, flames will be ignored (ie, treated with the contempt
they deserve).

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			DEFINITION:
	GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM.

a)	The system MUST be able to learn. This implies that the
	system MUST have a memory for learning to be maintained.
	Also learning comes in a number of varieties:

	i)	It MUST be able to learn from its own experiences.
		These can be broken down into further criteria:

		1)	Learning through trial and error.
		2)	Learning through observation.
		3)	Learning through active reasoning.

	ii)	It SHOULD be able to learn by instruction, but this
		is not necessary. At the very least the system MUST
		have preprogrammed instincts. This is a boot strap
		for the developing intelligence.  Without a starting
		point, the system cannot progress.

b)	The system MUST be autonomous. That is to say, it MUST be
	able to do things by itself (however may choose to accept
	aid).  This can be dissected as:

	i)	The system MUST be able to affect its environment
		based on its own independent conclusions.

	ii)	The system MUST be its own master first and foremost,
		and therefore not require operator intervention to
		function. This does not necessarily rule out the
		taking of orders from another system, but the choice
		to obey MUST be made by the system itself.

	iii)	The system MUST be motivated. It must have needs and
		requirements that can to be satisfied by its own
		actions.

c)	The system MUST be able to reason. That is to say, it must
	use some form of reasoning, based on known facts and capable
	of producing insights which later become known facts. It
	should be noted that the degree of certainty about the truth
	of a known fact is also an important concept and some way of
	dealing with uncertainty MUST be provided.

d)	The system MUST be able to develop self awareness. This is
	related to autonomy, reasoning and learning, but also
	embodies the need for internal and external senses. Without
	these senses there is no way of appreciating the difference
	between "me" and "outside of me". Sensations of pain and
	pleasure can provide motivation.
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			DEFINITION OF TERMS.

1)	A "system" CAN be comprised of multiple subsystems, each one
	of these could be a system in its own right (systems theory).

2)	The "environment" in which the system exists MUST be external
	to the system, but that is as far as the definition of the
	environment goes (it could be computer generated).

3)	The terms "learning", "reasoning" and "autonomy" are
	BEHAVIOURAL characteristics, further supported by our
	understanding (to date) of how they MIGHT work.

4)	The term "self awareness" is based on learning, reasoning
	and autonomy, and is the state where the system is aware
	(has knowledge) of its own existence as separate from its
	environment.

5)	"Intelligence" is a BEHAVIOURAL phenomena displayed by
	intelligent systems.

6)	"Truth" about a known fact is SUBJECTIVE with respect to the
	system. Ultimate truth is an ideal which is seldom
	achievable even in "human intelligence".

7)	"Certainty" is a statistical measure of the probability of
	a fact being true.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

				Regards,

						Philip Nettleton,
						Tutor in Computer Science,
						University of New England,
						Armidale,
						New South Wales,
						2351,
						AUSTRALIA.