Path: utzoo!utgpu!news-server.csri.toronto.edu!rpi!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!caen!kuhub.cc.ukans.edu!hawk!billk Newsgroups: comp.lang.misc Subject: The Language List, Version 1.1 (Part 5 of 5) Message-ID: <1991Apr28.154120.5114@hawk.cs.ukans.edu> From: billk@hawk.cs.ukans.edu (Bill Kinnersley) Date: Sun, 28 Apr 1991 15:41:20 GMT References: <1991Apr28.153544.4615@hawk.cs.ukans.edu> Organization: University of Kansas Computer Science Dept Lines: 734 ---- 1959). SIMPL-T - Base language for a family of languages and compilers. "SIMPL-T, A Structured Programming Language", V.R. Basili, Paladin House 1976. SIMSCRIPT - Large discrete simulations. "SIMSCRIPT: A Simulation Programming Language", P.J. Kiviat et al, C.A.C.I. 1973. Versions: SIMSCRIPT I.5, SIMSCRIPT II.5 SIMULA - SIMULAtion language. Kristen Nygaard & Ole-Johan Dahl, 1962. Extension to ALGOL for discrete simulation. Sammet 1969, p.659. SIMULA 67 - Introduced the class concept, which led the way to data abstraction and object-oriented programming. Also provided for coroutines. ftp: rascal.ics.utexas.edu, Mac version Simulating Digital Systems - FORTRAN-like for describing computer logic design. Sammet 1969, p.622. SIPLAN - SIte Planning Computer Language. Interactive language for space planning. "Formal Languages for Site Planning", C.I. Yessios in "Spatial Synthesis for Computer-Aided Design", C. Eastman ed, Applied Science Publ 1976. Siprol - Signal Processing Language. A DSP language. "SIPROL: A High Level Language for Digital Signal Processing", H. Gethoffer, Proc ICASSP-80, 1980, pp.1056-1059. SIR - Early system on IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Sisal - parallel, data flow, (deterministic CCS/CSP?). May be a single assignment language used in parallel processing. Sketchpad - Computer-aided design. Introduced "ring" list structure. "Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System", I.E. Sutherland, MIT Lincoln Lab, TR 296 (Jan 1963). Sammet 1969, p.678. SKOL - FORTRAN pre-processor unique to the Cray Operating System (COS). SL5 - A string and list processing language with an expression-oriented syntax. "An Overview of SL5", Ralph E. Griswold, SIGPLAN Notices 12(4):40- 50 (Apr 1977). SLANG - R.A. Sibley. CACM 4(1):75-84 (Jan 1961). SLIP - Early-60's list processing language. Sammet 1969, p.387. SMALGOL - SMall ALGOL. Subset of ALGOL. "SMALGOL-61", G.A. Bachelor et al CACM 4(11):499-502 (Nov 1961). Sammet 1969. Small C - Subset of C often used in educational settings. "A Small C Compiler," James Hendrix. Smalltalk - Xerox PARC. Smalltalk is an object-oriented language. An object is the encapsulation of a data item and its associated operations. Objects are created as instances of classes, which in turn are defined as refinements of other existing classes. Objects communicate by sending messages to each other. Early versions: Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, Smalltalk-76, and Smalltalk-78. Smalltalk-80 - "Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation", ["The Blue Book"] Adele Goldberg et al, A-W 1983. Smalltalk/V - PC, Mac version of Smalltalk. SML - Standard ML. An atempt to unify many dialects of ML. Environment based, strict. Typed exceptions, modules. Versions: Standard ML of New Jersey. "A Proposal for Standard ML", R. Milner, ACM Symp on LISP and Functional Prog 1984, pp.184-197. Versions: Standard ML of New Jersey (Princeton and AT&T), POPLOG ML (Sussex), Poly/ML, Edinburgh ML 4.0, Edinburgh Kit Compiler. ftp: cs.yale.edu list: sml-request@cs.cmu.edu SMoLCS - Specification metalanguage used for Ada. SMP - Stevre Wolfram's earlier symbol manipulation program. "SMP Handbook", C. Cole, S. Wolfram et al, Caltech 1981. SNOBOL - StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language. David Farber, Ralph Griswold, Bell Labs 1962. Text processing and formula manipulation. "SNOBOL, A String Manipulating Language", R. Griswold et al, J. ACM 11,21 (1964) Versions: SNOBOL1 (1962), SNOBOL3 (1965). SNOBOL4 - Griswold et al, 1968. Quite different from its predecessors, SNOBOL4 emphasizes pattern matching on character strings. A declarative language, with dynamic scope. Success and failure is used to control the flow of execution. Delayed or unevaluated expressions can be used to implement recursion. The table data type provides for associative retrieval. Strings generated at run-time may be treated as programs and executed. "The SNOBOL4 Programming Language", Ralph E. Griswold, P-H 1971. SO 2 - Early system on IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SOAP - Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program. IBM 650 Assembler. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Versions: SOAP I, SOAP II, CASE SOAP III. SOCRATIC - Not a language? Bolt, Beranek & Newman. Early interactive learning system. Sammet 1969, p.702. SODAS - D.L. Parnas & J.A. Darringer. Proc FJCC, 31:449-474 (1967). SOHIO - Early system on IBM 705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SOL - Simulation Oriented Language. Discrete simulation. Sammet 1969, p.656. SPAR - Early system on Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Speakeasy - Simple array-oriented language aimed at statistical analysis. "Speakeasy", S. Cohen, SIGPLAN Notices 9(4), (Apr 1974). "Speakeasy-3 Reference Manual", S. Cohen et al. 1976. SPECIAL - SRI specification language. SPEED - Early system on LGP-30. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Speedcode - Same as Speedcoding? Speedcoding - Early attempt at higher level language for math on IBM 701, IBM 650. Sammet 1969, p.130. SPEEDCODING 3 - Early system on IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SPEEDEX - Early system on IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SPITBOL - A SNOBOL compiler for the IBM, not a separate language. SP/k - Subset PL/I, k=1..8. A series of PL/I subsets, simplified for student use. "SP/k: A System for Teaching Computer Programming", R.C. Holt, CACM 20(5):301-309 (May 1977) SPL - 1. Synchronous Programming Language. A DSP language. "Introduction to the SPL Compiler", Computalker Consultants, 1986. 2. Space Programming Language. For spaceflight and aerospace software. Similar to JOVIAL. Aka SPL/J6. A subset is known as CLASP. "Space Programming Language Development", SAMSO TP 70-325, System Development Corp (Sep 1970). SPL/I - Signal Processing Language I. General language designed for acoustic signal processing. Graphics and multiprocessing features. "SPL/I Language Reference Manual", M.S. Kosinski, Intermetrics Report 172-1 (July 1976) SPLINTER - PL/I interpreter with debugging features. Sammet 1969, p.600. SPRINT - List processing involving direct action on operand stack. Sammet 1969, p 462. SPSS - Statistical Programs for the Social Sciences. "SPSS X User's Guide", SPSS Inc. 1986. SPUR - Early system on IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SQL - Structured Query Language. IBM, 1970's. The de facto standard relational database language often embedded into other programming languages. "A Guide to the SQL Standard," C.J. Date. SR - Synchronizing Resources. A language for programming distributed systems. A resource is the encapsulation of a process and its variables, in two parts: the specification and the body. "An Overview of the SR Language and Implementation", G. Andrews, ACM TOPLAS 10:51-86 (Jan 1988) ftp: cs.arizona.edu, watserv1.waterloo.edu. SRC Modula-3 - From DEC/SRC, Palo Alto, CA. "Modula-3 Report (revised)" Luca Cardelli et al. ftp: gatekeeper.dec.com STAR 0 - Early system on Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). StarLisp - LISP for the Connection Machine. Steelman - Final DoD requirements that led to Ada. "Requirements for High Order Programming Languages, 'Steelman'", June 1978. STENSOR - Computer algebra system specialized in General Relativity. Developed by L. H\"ornfeldt, from Stockholm, mid-80s. Implemented on top of SHEEP and MACSYMA. STIL - STatistical Interpretive Language. "STIL User's Manual", C.F. Donaghey et al, Indust Eng Dept, U Houston (Aug 1969) STOBES - Shared Time Repair of Big Electronic Systems. Computer testing. Sammet 1969. STOIC - STring Oriented Interactive Compiler. It's like FORTH for strings, including all sorts of stuff that is in hardware on VAXen. Written by someone at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Stoneman - DoD requirements that led to APSE. DoD Feb 1980. STP4 - Statistical language. Strawman - One of the DoD requirements that led to Ada. STRESS - STRuctual Engineering Systems Solver. Structural analysis problems in Civil Engineering. Superceded by STRUDL. "STRESS: A User's Manual", S.J. Fenves et al, MIT Press 1964. Sammet 1969, p.612. STRUDL - STRUctured Design Language. Dynamic and finite-element analysis, steel and concrete structures. Subsystem of ICES. "ICES STRYDL-II Engineering User's Manual", R68-91, CE Dept MIT (Nov 1968) Sammet 1969, p.613 STSC APL - Implementation of APL? STUDENT - Early query system. Bobrow, 1964. Sammet 1969, p.664. Sugar - A language Paul Hudak is developing? 1991. Microsoft? SUMMER SESSION - Early system on Whirlwind. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). SURGE - Early rudimentary system. Sammet 1969, p.8. SweetLambda - Some kind of Microsoft in-joke? SYMBAL - Computer algebra language with ALGOL-like syntax by Max Engeli, implemented in the late 60's on the CDC6000. SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY - Early system on IBM 705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory - On-line system under CTSS for formal algebra. Used display screen and light pen. Sammet 1969, p.514. SYMPL - 1. Control Data's answer to system programming languages in the '70s Major parts of CDC systems written in this. 2. A a non-reentrant block structured language with extensive bit manipulation facilities and linkable with FORTRAN. [Same as 1?] T - True. Rees, 1982. A dialect of LISP with static scoping, derived from Scheme, mostly a superset. "The T Manual", Johnathan A. Rees et al, Yale U, 1984. TABSOL - Early system oriented language. T.F. Kavanagh. Proc FJCC 18:117-136 (1960). TAC - Translator Assembler-Compiler. For Philco 2000. TACPOL - PL/I-like language used by US Army for command and control. TAL - Tandem Application Language. A cross between C and Pascal. Primary language for system level programming on the Tandem. (Tandem has no Assembler and until recently did not have C or Pascal.) May be derived from system language at Hewlett- Packard. TALL - TAC List Language. "TALL - A List Processor for the Philco 2000", J. Feldman, CACM 5(9):484-485 (Sep 1962). TARTAN - A simpler proposed language to meet the IRONMAN requirements. "TARTAN - Language Design for the Ironman Requirement", Mary Shaw et al, SIGPLAN Notices 13(9):36 (Sep 1978). TASM - Turbo Assembler. MS-DOS assembler from Borland. TAWK - Tiny AWK. Taxis - "A Language Facility for Designing Database-Intensive Applications", J. Mylopoulos et al, ACM Trans Database Sys 5(2):185-207 (June 1980). TBIL - Tiny Basic Interpreter Language. Inner interpreter of Tom Pittman's set of Tiny Basics in DDJ. Tcsim - Time (Complex) Simulator. Complex arithmetic version of Tsim. ZOLA Technologies, ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com. TECO - Text Editor and COrrector. Macro language for text editing, also screen handling and keyboard management. Has a reputation for being cryptic and hard to learn. The first EMACS editor was written in TECO. ftp: usc.edu versions for VAX/VMS, Unix, MSDOS, Mac, Amiga. TELCOMP - Variant of JOSS. Sammet 1969, p.217. TELSIM - Digital simulation, Busch, ca. 1966. Sammet 1969, p.627. TeX - The text formatting language developed by Donald Knuth. ftp: june.cs.washington.edu TeX-78 - The original version of TeX. TeX-82 - The version of TeX decscribed in "The TeXbook", Donald Knuth, A-W 1984. TGS-II - Translator Generator System. Contained TRANDIR. Sammet 1969, p.640. Theseus - Based on Euclid, never implemented. "Theseus - A Programming Language for Relational Databases", J.E. Shopiro, ACM Trans Database Sys 4(4):493-517 (Mar 1979). Tinman - 1976. One of the DoD requirements that led to Ada. TINT - Interpreted version of JOVIAL. Sammet 1969, p.528. TIPL 1. Teach IPL. Interpretive IPL teaching system. Sammet 1969, p.393. 2. Dialect of IGL. TMG - Syntax-directed compiling language. "TMG - A Syntax-Directed Compiler", R.M. McClure, Proc ACM 20th Natl Conf (1965). Sammet 1969, p.636. TOK - Referred to in Ursula K. LeGuin's "Always Coming Home." Seems to be similar to the original BASIC. TPL - Table Producing Language. "The Bureau of Labor Statistics Table Producing Language (TPL)", R.C. Mendelssohn, Proc ACM Annual Conf (1974). TRAC - Text Reckoning And Compiling. Interactive string handling language. It was developed by XXX and Peter Deutsch (of ST-80 fame). Thousands of users, historically, though probably few today. "TRAC: A Procedure-Describing Language for the Reactive Typewriter", Calvin N. Mooers, CACM 9(3):215-219 (Mar 1966). TRANDIR - TRANslation DIRector. A syntax-directed compiling language. Sammet 1969, p.640. TRANGEN - System containing TRANDIR. Sammet 1969, p.640. TRANS-USE - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). TRANSCODE - Early system on Ferut computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). TRANSIT - Subsystem of ICES. Sammet 1969, p.616. TREET - List processing, akin to LISP. "The TREET Time-Sharing System", H.A. Bayard et al, Proc 2nd Symp Symbolic and Algebraic Manip, ACM (Mar 1971). Sammet 1969, p.457. Trellis - Object-oriented, formerly named Owl. DEC. Static type-checking and encapsulation. "Persistent and Shared Objects in trellis/owl", P. O'Brien et al, Proc of the 1986 IEEE Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems", IEEE, NY 1986. TRIGMAN - Computer algebra system specialized in Celestial Mechanics. Troff - Text formatting language/interpreter. Variant of UNIX roff. TROLL - Array language for continuous simulation, econometric modeling, statistical analysis. "TROLL Refernce Manual", D0062, Info Proc Services, MIT (1973-76) True BASIC - John Kemeny & Thomas E. Kurtz. Compiled BASIC requiring no line numbers. Tsim - Time Simulator. Stack-based simulation language. ZOLA Technologies, ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com. Turbo Pascal - Brand of Pascal by Borland International. Perhaps the first integrated development environment for MS-DOS. Versions 3, 4, 5: Close to Modula-2. 6: Object-oriented facilities. Turbo Prolog - Differs markedly [how?] from standard PROLOG. Turing - R.C. Holt & J.R. Cordy, U Toronto, 1983. Descendant of Concurrent Euclid. "Turing Language Report", J.R. Cordy et al, Report CSRI-153, CSRI, U Toronto, Dec 1983. Turing Plus - Concurrent descendant of Turing. "Turing Plus: A Comparison with C and Pascal", S. Perelgut et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23(1):137-143 (Jan 1988). "The Turing Plus Report", R.C. Holt et al, prelim version, CSRI, U Toronto, Feb 1987. Turtle - Nickname for Logo. TUTOR - Scripting language on PLATO systems from CDC. "The TUTOR Language", Bruce Sherwood, Control Data, 1977. TWIG - Tree-Walking Instruction Generator. [you gotta' love that acronym!] A code-generator language. "Twig Language Manual", S.W.K. Tjiang, CS TR 120, Bell Labs, 1986. UCSD Pascal - Variant of Pascal for the UCSD p-system environment. Extended string and array operations, random access files, separate compilation, etc. UHELP - Linear programming. "UHELP User's Manual", D. Singh, Indus Eng Dept, U Houston (Oct 1969) UGLIAC - Early system on Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). ULP - Small structured language for use in microprocessors. "User's Guide to the ULP Language for the PDP-11", CS TR 536, U Md (May 1977) UNCOL - UNiversal Computer Oriented Language. A universal intermediate language, discussed but never implemented. "A First Version of UNCOL", T.B. Steel, Proc WJCC 19:371-378 (1961). Sammet 1969, p.708. UNICODE - Pre-FORTRAN on the 1103, similar to MATH-MATIC. Sammet 1969, p.137. UNISAP - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). USE - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). utility-coder - Data manipulation and report generation. "User's Manual for utility-coder", Cambridge Computer Assoc (Jul 1977) VAL - Single assignment language used in parallel processing. "The VAL Language: Desciption and Analysis", J.R. McGraw, TOPLAS 4(1):44-82 (Jan 1982). VDM - "The Vienna Development Method": The Meta-Language", D. Bjorner et al eds, LNCS v.61, Springer 1978. Vector C - Variant of C similar to ACTUS. CMU? VECTRAN - FORTRAN with array extensions. "The VECTRAN Language: An Experimental Language for Vector/Matrix Array Processing, Report G320- 3334, IBM (Aug 1975) VHDL - VHSIC Hardware Description Language. "VHSIC Hardware Description Language", M.R. Shahdad et al, IEEE Computer 18(2):94-103 (Feb 1985). Vienna Definition Language - A language for formal definitions via operational semantics. Developed by the IBM Vienna Laboratories, and used to specify the semantics of PL/I. "The Vienna Definition Language", P. Wegner, ACM Comp Surveys 4(1):5-63 (Mar 1972). VITAL - Semantics language using FSL. Mondshein, 1967. Sammet 1969, p.641. VULCAN - 1. CP/M port of JPLDIS by Wayne Ratliff which evolved into dBASE II. ca. 1980. 2. The dBASE-like interpreter and compiler sold by RSPI with their Emerald Bay product. 3. String handling language ca. 1970. "VULCAN - A String Handling Language with Dynamic Storage Control", E.P. Storm et al, Proc AFIPS FJCC v.37 (1970) WAFL - WArwick Functional Language. Lisp-type language developed at Warwick U, England. WATBOL - Waterloo SNOBOL? WATFIV - WATerloo Fortran IV. Student-friendly variant of FORTRAN IV from U Waterloo, Canada. WATFOR - WATerloo FORtran. Student-friendly variant of FORTRAN from U Waterloo, Canada. Sammet 1969, p.303. WEB - Knuth's self-documenting brand of programming, with comments in TeX. "Literate Programming", D.E. Knuth, Computer J 27(2):97-111 (May 1984). WFL - Work Flow Language. Burroughs' answer to IBM JCL. Yet another ALGOL variant. Woodenman - One of the DoD requirements that led to Ada. WSL - Waterloo Systems Language. A C-like systems programming language. "Waterloo Systems Language: Tutorial and Language Reference", F.D. Boswell, WATFAC Publications Ltd, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 0-919884-00-8. X-1 - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959). Xbase - Term used to refer generically to the "dBASE" family of languages. Coined in response to threatened litigation over use of the copyrighted trademark "dBASE." XLISP - Experimental LISP. David Best. Variant of LISP with object- oriented extensions, source available in C. Versions exist for most PC's. ftp: gatekeeper.dec.com (comp.sources.misc/Vol10) XPL - Stanford, 1967-69. Dialect of PL/I used for compiler-writing. "A Compiler Generator," W.M. McKeeman et al, P-H 1970. Also 1968 AFIPS Conf. XPOP - Early language. Halpern, 1964. Sammet 1969, p.8. XScheme - Extended Scheme? Y - Arizona (?) [Similar to Yacc?? Details sought.] YACC - Yet Another Compiler Compiler. Language used by the YACC LALR parser generator. "YACC - Yet Another Compiler Compiler", S.C. Johnson, CS TR 32, Bell Labs (Jul 1975) YELLOW - A proposed language to meet the Ironman requirements which led to Ada. "On the YELLOW Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):22-26 (Oct 1978). Z - 1. ca 1980. A specification language based on axiomatic set theory. "Understanding Z", J.M. Spivey, Cambridge U Press 1988. 2. A stack-based, complex arithmetic simulation language. ZOLA Technologies, ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com. ZAP - Language for expressing transformational developments. "A System for Assisting Program Transformation", M.S. Feather, ACM Trans on Prog Langs and Syst 4(1):1-20 (Jan 1982). Zetalisp - ZIL - Zork Interpretive Language. Designed for creating customized adventure-like games. Used by Infocom to write their games. XPC - EXplicitly-Parallel C dialect which is efficiently compilable to both SIMD and MIMD architectures (is mode independent). First described in Michael J. Phillip & Henry G. Dietz, "Toward Semantic Self-Consistency in Explicitly Parallel Languages," in proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Supercomputing, Santa Clara, CA, May 1989, v.1, pp.398-407. Research implementations only. Greatly improved on Parallel C, which was never implemented (but had significant impact on the design of C*). Zuse - PhD language by Chris Collberg . 1991. QUESTIONABLE ENTRIES: ALGOL "machine language" ALGOL "publication language" [ unnamed ] - Dijkstra never names the language he describes and uses in "A Discipline of Programming". APPENDIX A Some selected works on computer language history and design: ============================================================ Bal, H.E. Comprehensive list: "Programming Languages for Distributed Systems", Comp Surveys 21(3):261-322 (Sep 1989). Bobrow, D.G. & Raphael, "New Programming Languages for Arificial Intelligence Research", Comp Surveys 6:155 (Nov 1974). MacLennan, B.J. "Principles of Programming Languages" 2nd Ed, Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1987. Often cited on The Net. Sammet, Jean E. "Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals", P-H 1969. LC: 68-28110. The absolutely definitive work on early computer language development, by an IBM language technology manager. Almost 800 pages of meticulous detail. Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages for 1976-77", SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56 (Nov 1978). Shapiro, E. "The Family of Concurrent Logic Programming Languages", Comp Surveys, 21(3):413-510 (Sep 1989). Weinberg, Gerald "The Psychology of Computer Programming", 1971. Wexelblat, R.L. ed, "Proceedings: ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference" (Los Angeles, July 1978) Perhaps the most entertaining account of the history of roughly 15 major programming languages. 310 pp. Jean Sammet apparently co-ordinated the conference. Academic Press, 1981. ACM Item No 548780. ACM Order Dept is (800)342-6626. Wilson, L.B. & Clark, R.G. "Comparative Programming Languages", A-W 1988. ISBN: 0-201-18483-4. Languages compared on a feature-by-feature (rather than language-by-language) basis. APPENDIX B Selected Issues in Computer Language Design: =========================================== A "core" versus "complete" language Should a language provide a small, minimal core that is extensible (FORTH, ALGOL, C) or should it try to have syntax for almost everything already included? (PL/I, Ada, dBASE IV) How much structure should automatically be imposed? Some languages, such as C, give a great latitude to the layout of statements on the page. Others, such as COBOL, are more verbose and structured in an attempt to force "self-documenting code." Features are added but never removed APPENDIX C A chronology of influential computer languages: ============================================== (Note: It has been suggested that K. Zuse in Nazi Germany may have had first real computer programming language, "Plankalkul" ca. 1945. This is alluded to in the 1978 ACM History of Programming Languages FORTRAN session.) FORTRAN: 1957 ALGOL: 1958 LISP: 1960 COBOL: 1960 APL 1962 PL/I: 1964 BASIC: 1964 PROLOG: 1970 C: 1972 Pascal: 1975 Modula-2: 1979 Smalltalk: 1980 dBASE II: ca. 1980 Ada: 1983 C++: 1986 Eiffel: ? Oberon: 1988 APPENDIX D Who will gather some interesting rough statistics relating to computer language usage? Things such as: [Nine (?) billion lines of COBOL code written?] [75% of world's software spending by DOD?] [80% of all paid programming maintenance programming?] [ n million people have programmed in BASIC? ] Net contributors to the language list so far: ============================================= Mike Albaugh LLoyd Allison Jose Castejon-Amenedo Birger Andersen Bob Bishop Heiko Blume Andreas Borchert Marc-Michael Brandis Kurt Baudendistel Benjamin Chase Chris Collberg A.J. Cunningham Hank Dietz Patrick J Draper Clive Feather Dave Gillett Mike Grier Urs Hoelzle Kjetil Torgrim Homme Ralph W. Hyre Steve Jenkins Jeff Jenness Niels Christian Juul David Keppel A.V. Le Blanc Greg Lindahl Andy Lowry Andrew H. Marrinson Alex Martelli S A McConnell Brian R. Murphy Tom Neff Michael Newbery Oscar Nierstrasz Nick North Conor O'Neill Hokkun Pang Stephen Perelgut Jeff Price Arch D. Robison Walt Spector Paul Stachour Joergen Steensgaard-Madsen Kevin Stock Bob Stockwell Robert S. Sutor Guido van Rossum Jan Christiaan van Winkel Ken Yap uunet!microsoft!glenns uunet!microsoft!jklin uunet!microsoft!johnyg uunet!microsoft!jonkauf uunet!microsoft!matth uunet!microsoft!mikero uunet!microsoft!mmsys uunet!microsoft!richgi --- End of Part 5 -- --Bill Kinnersley billk@hawk.cs.ukans.edu 226 Transfer complete.