Path: utzoo!utgpu!news-server.csri.toronto.edu!rpi!bu.edu!m2c!wpi.WPI.EDU!zahle.wpi.edu!shari From: ham@gator.cacs.usl.edu (Hameed Ahmed Mohammed) Newsgroups: soc.religion.islam Subject: Relationship of Muslims with non-Muslims. Message-ID: <1991Jun4.201411.20187@wpi.WPI.EDU> Date: 4 Jun 91 20:14:11 GMT Sender: news@wpi.WPI.EDU (News) Organization: The Center for Advanced Computer Studies, USL Lines: 150 Approved: shari@zahle.wpi.edu Originator: shari@zahle.wpi.edu Nntp-Posting-Host: zahle.wpi.edu In the name of Allah most Gracious most Merciful. Relationship of the Muslims With Non-Muslims. ############################################ When we contemplate summarizing the Islamic teachings concerning dealings with non-Muslims in relation to the halal and the haram, we find that the following two verses of the Quran are sufficient. Says Allah Subhanahy wa Taala: Allah does not forbid you, with regard to those who do not fight you on account of your religion nor drive you out of your homes, to treat them with goodness and to be just to them; truly, Allah loves those who are just. Indeed, Allah forbids you (only) with regard to those who fight you on account of religion and drive you out of your homes, and assist (others) in driving you out, that you turn to them (in friendship); and whoever turns to them (in friendship) they are wrongdoers.) 60:8-9. The first of these two verses not only calls for justice and fairness in dealing with non-Muslims who neither fight Muslims on religious grounds nor drive them out of their homes-that is, those who are neither at war with, nor hostile to, Muslims--but alse urges Muslims to be kind to them. The word Birr or goodness which is used in this verse is a very comprehensive term signifying that kindness and generosity which is over and above justice ;it is the same word which is used to describe the Muslim's duty to his parents. A question which troubles some people and which is sometimes discussed openly is the following: How can we show kindness, and affection, and good treatment to non-Muslims since Allah Himself prohibits Muslims to take non-believers as friends and allies in such verse as the following: O you who believe, do not take the jews and Christians as friends; they are the friends (only) of each other. And whoever among you turns to them (for friendship) is certainly one of them; indeed , Allah does not guide the people who do wrong. Yet thou seest those in whose hearts is a disease racing toward them ...(5:54-55(51-52)) The answer to this is that these verses are not unconditional , to be applied to every Jew and Christian, or non-Muslim. Interpreting them in this manner contradicts the injunctions of the Quran which enjoins affection and kindness to the good and peace loving peoples of every religion, as well as the verses which permit marriage to the women of the People of the Book, with all that Allah says concerning marriage--"and He has put love and mercy between you" (30:21)-- and the verse concerning the Christians: ...And thou wilt find those who say, "Surely we are Christians." to be nearest to them (the Muslims) in affection...(5:85(82)) The verses cited above were revealed in connection with those people who were hostile to Islam and made war upon the Muslims. Accordingly, it is permissible for the Muslims to support or assist them--that is , to be their ally--nor to entrust them with secrets at the expense of his own religion and community. This point is explained in other verses, in which Allah says: They will spare nothing to ruin you; they yearn for what makes you suffer. Hatred has been expressed by their mouths, but what their hearts conceal is still greater. Thus have We made clear to you the revelations(or signs), if you possess understanding. Ah! you love them, but they do not love you ...(3:118-119) This ayat throws light on the character of such people, who conceal great enmity and hatred against the Muslims in their hearts and whose tongues express some of the effects of such hostility. Allah says: Thou wilt not find a people who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving those who oppose Allah and His Messenger, even though they may be their fathers or their sons or their brothers or their kin... (58:22). Opposition to Allah is not simply belief but includes hostility toward Islam and Muslims. Allah says: O ye who believe, do not take My enemy and your enemy as friends, offering them affection, even though they have disbelieved in what has come to you of the truth, driving out the Messenger and yourselves because you believe in Allah, your Lord ...(60:1) This verse was revealed in connection with the pagans of Makkah, who declared war on Allah and His Messenger driving the Muslims out their homes simply because they said,"Our Lord is Allah". With this type of people, friendship and alliance cannot be permitted. Yet inspite of this, the Quran did not dismiss the hope that some day there might be a reconciliation; it did not declare utter disappointment in them but encouraged the Muslims to entertain the hope of better circumstances and improved relationships, for in the same surah Allah says: It may be that Allah will bring about affection between you and those who are your enemies from among them. And Allah is All-Powerful, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. (60:7) This Quranic statement gives the assurance that this bitter hostility and deep hatered will pass away, as it is also stated in the hadith "Hate your enemy mildly; he may become your friend one day." (al-Tirmidhi). The prohibition against befriending the enemies of Islam is even nore emphatic when they are stronger than the Muslims, crushing hopes and generating fear in the minds of people. In such a situation, only hypocrites and those in whose hearts is a disease hasten to befriend them, giving them help today in order to benefit from them tomorrow. Allah says: Yet thou seest those in whose hearts is a disease racing toward them(the enemies of Islam), saying,"We are afraid that a change of fortune may befall us". but it may be that Allah will give(thee) the victory or some decision from Himself, and then they will become regretful for what they thought secretly within themselves.(5:55(52)) And again, Give to the hypocrites the tidings that they will have a grevious punishment. Do those who take the unbelievers as friends instead of the Believers seek honor among them? For indeed all honor belongs to Allah alone. (4:138-139) There is no harm done if Muslims, at either the private or the government level seek help from non-Muslims in technical matters which have no connection with religion. At the same time it is of course exteremly desirable that Muslims become self-sufficient in all fields. We see from the life of the Prophet (peace be on him) that he employed Abdullah bin Uraiqit, a polytheist, to be his guide in his hijrah from Makkah to Medinah. Scholars have concluded from this that a person's unbelief does not mean that he is basically untrustworthy, for what could be more risky than depending on a guide to show the route, particularly in fleeing form Makkah to Madinah? Indeed , Islam respects a human being only because he is human; how much the more then, if he from the People of the book and still more if he is a dhimmi? Once a funeral procession passed by the Prophet and he stood up. Thereupon someone remarked," O Messenger of Allah, it is the funeral of a Jew." The Prophet replied," Was he not a soul?" (al Bukhari). THUS, TRULY, IN ISLAM EVERY HUMAN BEING HAS A DIGNITY AND A PLACE.