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Subject: Documentation for ARC4/CMD
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                                   ARC4/CMD
                             File Archive Utility
                           Version 01.00.00 12/11/86
                               for TRSDOS 6.x.x

          (C) COPYRIGHT 1985, 1986 by System Enhancement Associates;
                              ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
      TRSDOS 6.x.x adaptations (C) COPYRIGHT 1986 by David Huelsmann;
                              ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

   This document describes the ARC4 file utility, version 01.00.00, which was
based on the MS-DOS ARC created by System Enhancement Associates.

                                 INTRODUCTION

   ARC is the copyrighted property of System Enhancement Associates. Since ARC4
s a derivative work based on ARC, it, too, is the copyrighted property of
System Enhancement Associates. The TRSDOS 6.x.x modifications are the
copyrighted property of David Huelsmann.
   You are granted a limited license to use ARC4, and to copy it and distribute
it, provided that the following conditions are met:

1) No fee may be charged for such copying and distribution.
2) ARC4 may ONLY be distributed in its original, unmodified state.

   Any voluntary contributions for the use of this program will be appreciated,
and should be sent to:

System Enhancement Associates
21 New Street
Wayne, NJ   07470

   You may not use this product in a commercial environment or a governmental
organization without paying a license fee of $35. Site licenses and commercial
distribution licenses are available. See the order form in the back of this
manual for more details.

A word about user supported software:

   The user supported software concept (usually referred to as freeware) is an
attempt to provide software at low cost. The cost of offering a new product by
conventional means is staggering, and hence dissuades many independent authors
and small companies from developing and promoting their ideas. User supported
software is an attempt to develop a new marketing channel, where products can
be introduced at low cost.
   If user supported software works, then everyone will benefit. The user will
benefit by receiving quality products at low cost, and by being able to "test
drive" software thoroughly before purchasing it. The author benefits by being
able to enter the commercial software arena without first needing large sources
of venture capital.
   But it can only work with your support. We're not just talking about ARC and
ARC4 here, but about all user supported software. If you find that you are
still using a program after a couple of weeks, then pretty obviously it is
worth something to you, and you should send in a contribution.

And now, back to ARC4:

   ARC4 is used to create and maintain file archives. An archive is a group of
files collected together into one file in such a way that the individual files
may be recovered intact.
   ARC4 is different from other archive and library utilities in that it
automatically compresses the files being archived, so that the resulting
archive takes up a minimum amount of space.
   When ARC4 is used to add a file to an archive it analyzes the file to
determine which of three storage methods will result in the greatest savings.
These three methods are:

1) No compression; the file is stored as is.
2) Repeated-character compression; repeated sequences of the same byte value
   are collapsed into a three-byte code sequence.
3) Huffman squeezing with repeated-character compression; the file is
   compressed into variable length bit strings, similar to the method used by
   the SQ programs.

   Note that since one of the three methods involves no compression at all, the
resulting archive entry will never be larger than the original file.
   An interesting note: It has been brought to SEA's attention that BASIC
programs compress to a smaller size when they are not tokenized. If you are
more concerned with space than speed, you may wish to convert your BASIC
programs to ASCII form before adding them to an archive. Your BASIC manual
should give instructions on how to do this.

                                  USING ARC4

   ARC4 is invoked with a command of the following format:

ARC4 <x> <arcname>  <template> . . .|

Where:

<x> is an ARC4 command letter (see below), in either upper or lower case.

<arcname> is the name of the archive to act on, with or without an extension.
If no extension is supplied, then "/ARC" is assumed. The archive name may
include a drive specifier.

<template> is one or more file name templates. The "wildcard" characters "$",
"*" and "?" may be used. A "!"  may be used to reverse the sense of the
wildcard following. A file name template may include a drive specifier.

   If ARC4 is invoked with no arguments (by typing "ARC4", and pressing
<ENTER>, then a brief command summary is displayed.
   The following is an example of the display when ARC4 is invoked with no
arguments:

                      ARC4/CMD Version 01.00.00 12/11/86
          (C) COPYRIGHT 1985,1986 by System Enhancement Associates
                            ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
       TRSDOS 6.x.x adaptations (C) COPYRIGHT 1986 by David Huelsmann
                            ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
                      Distributed with permission of SEA

    Usage: ARC4  aumdexplvt| b| g{password}| archive  file(s)| >*pr|
>file|
              Where:   a,u = Add (update) file(s) to archive
                       m   = Move file(s) to archive
                       d   = Delete file(s) in archive
                       e,x = Extract file(s) from archive
                       p   = Print file(s) in archive to CRT
                       l,v = List table of contents (verbose) to CRT
                       t   = Test archive integrity
                       b   = Backup copy of archive retained
                       g   = Garble (encrypt/decrypt) archive file(s)

           Refer to program documentation for complete instructions
         and limitations on copying and distribution of this program.

                                 ARC4 COMMANDS

   This section describes each of the commands. ARC4 will accept any one
command at a time. If no commands are given, then a brief command list is
displayed as shown above.

ADDING FILES

   Files are added to an archive using the "A" (Add), "U" (Update), or "M"
(Move) commands. Add and Update are the same and always add the file. Move
differs from Add and Update in that the source file is deleted once it has been
added to the archive.
   For example, if you wish to add a file named "TEST/DAT" to an archive named
"MY/ARC", you would use a command of the form:

ARC4 A MY TEST/DAT

or

ARC4 A MY TEST.DAT

or

ARC4 U MY TEST/DAT

   Note that ARC4 will automatically supply the extension /ARC. You could also
supply the drive specifier on the archive without the extension such as "my:1".
ARC4 will read this as MY/ARC:1. ARC4 will accept a different extension than
/ARC for the archive file if you wish. Note, also, that ARC4 will accept either
the slash "/" or a period "." as an extension delimeter in the extensions of
files.
   If you wanted to add all files with a  "/C" extension, and all files named
"STUFF" to an archive named "JUNK/ARC" located on drive 1, you could type:

ARC4 A JUNK *.C STUFF.*

or

ARC4 A JUNK:1 $/C STUFF.*

   Note that failure to supply a drive specifier when using wildcards will
cause the addition of all files that match the wildcard on ALL drives.
   If you wanted to move all files on drive 2 into an archive named "SUM/ARC"
on drive 1, you could use a command of the form:

ARC4 M SUM:1 $/$:2

   Note that after the files are placed in the archive, they are killed from
the source drive.
   Archive entries are always maintained in alphabetic order. Archive entries
may not have duplicate names. If you add a file to an archive that already
contains a file by that name, then the existing entry in the archive is
replaced. Also, the archive itself and its backup will not be added.
   You cannot add two files with the same name. In other words, if you have a
file named "STUFF/TXT:0" and another file named "STUFF/TXT:1", then typing:

ARC4 A JUNK STUFF/$:0 STUFF/$:1

will not work.

   ARC4 does not save the drive specifier or any passwords. In other words, if
you specify a drive and/or password when adding a file, only the actual file
name is stored in the archive.
   ARC4 will never add an archive to itself, nor will it add the temporary
copy or a backup copy of the archive.

EXTRACTING FILES

   Archive entries are extracted with the "E" (Extract) and "X" (eXtract)
commands. For example, if you had an archive named "JUNK/ARC", and you wanted
all files in it with an extension of "/TXT" or "/DOC" to be recreated on your
disk, you could type:

ARC4 E JUNK $/TXT $/DOC

or

ARC4 X JUNK $/TXT $/DOC

   Note that in the above examples, the files would be extracted to drive 0.

   If you wanted to extract all of the files in an archive named "JUNK/ARC",
you could simply type:

ARC4 E JUNK

or

ARC4 E $/$:2

   Note that in the first example, all files would be extracted to drive 0 and
in the second example, all files would be extracted to drive 2.
   Whatever method of file compression was used in storing the files is
reversed, and uncompressed copies are created. If a file with the same name
already exists on the drive specified, you will be asked if you wish to
overwrite the file.
   You can also specify a drive specifier, in which case the decompressed copy
is placed on the specified drive. If you give more than one drive for a file,
then only the first one is used.
   For example, if you typed:

ARC4 X JUNK:1 TRASH/TXT:1 TRASH/TXT:2

then TRASH/TXT will be placed on drive 1.

DELETING FILES

   Archive entries are deleted with the "D" (Delete) command.  For example, if
you had an archive named "JUNK/ARC", and you wished to delete all entries in it
with a filename extension of "/C", you could type:

ARC4 D JUNK $/C

   Note that deleted files cannot be recovered (unless you specified to keep a
backup copy of the archive). ARC4 recovers all space from deleted files.

LISTING ARCHIVE ENTRIES

   You can obtain a list of the contents of an archive by using the "L" (List)
command or the "V" (Verbose list) command. Both commands display exactly the
same thing in ARC4.
   For example, to see what is in an archive named "JUNK/ARC", you could type:

ARC4 L JUNK

or

ARC4 V JUNK

   ARC4 prints a listing of an archive's contents like this:

  Name          Length    Stowage    SF   Size now  Date       Time    CRC
  ============  ========  ========  ====  ========  =========  ======  ====
  ARC4.C           27318  Squeezed   45%     15248  28 Dec 86   1:23p  69e4
  ARC4.H            5239  Squeezed   40%      3194  28 Dec 86   1:26p  5f5d
  ARC42.C          20620  Squeezed   44%     11617  28 Dec 86   1:26p  6d9e
  ARC42.H           5245  Squeezed   38%      3265  28 Dec 86   1:28p  2f7f
  ARC43.C          23682  Squeezed   43%     13538  28 Dec 86   1:28p  2a53
  ARC43.JCL          161     --       0%       161  28 Dec 86   1:30p  4fd8
  COMPARC.JCL        249     --       0%       249  28 Dec 86   1:31p  c134
          ====  ========            ====  ========
  Total      7     82514             43%     47272

"Name" is simply the name of the file.

"Length" is the unpacked file length. In other words, it is the number of bytes
of disk space which the file would take up if it were extracted.

"Date" is the date on which the file had last been added to the archive.

"Total" is pretty obvious, I think.

"Stowage" is the compression method used. The following compression methods are
currently employed:

   --          No compression.
 Packed        Runs of repeated byte values are collapsed.
Squeezed       Huffman squeeze technique employed.

"SF" is the stowage factor. In other words, it is the percentage of the file
length which was saved by compression. The total stowage factor is the stowage
factor for the archive as a whole, not counting archive overhead.

"Size  now" is the number of bytes the file is occupying while in the archive.

"Time" is the time of last addition to the archive, and is associated with the
date of last addition.

"CRC" is the CRC-16 check value which has been stored with the file. Another
CRC-16 value will be calculated when the file is extracted or tested to ensure
data integrity. There is no especially good reason for displaying this value.

PRINTING FILES

   Archive entries may be examined with the "P" (Print) command. This works the
same as the Extract command, except that the files are not created on disk and
the high bit is set to zero and unprintable characters are converted to
periods.
   Instead, the contents of the files are written to the CRT. For example, if
you wanted to see the contents of every "/TXT" file in an archive named
"JUNK/ARC", but didn't want them saved on disk, you could type:

ARC4 P JUNK $/TXT

   Note that you can pause the output to your CRT by pressing <SHIFT><@> and
then can resume by pressing any key. Pressing <BREAK> during printing will exit
you from the program back to DOS.
   If you wanted the files to be printed on your printer instead of on your
screen, you could type:

ARC4 P JUNK $/TXT >*PR

   Note that no check is done to ensure your printer is online and the program
will appear to "hang" until the printer is online.

TESTING AN ARCHIVE

   The integrity of an archive may be tested by use of the "T" (Test) command.
This checks to make sure that all of the file headers are properly placed, and
that all of the files are in good shape.
   This can be very useful for critical archives, where data integrity must be
assured. When an archive is tested, all of the entries in the archive are
unpacked (without saving them anywhere) so that a CRC-16 check value may be
calculated and compared with the recorded CRC-16 value.
   For example, if you just received an archive named "JUNK/ARC" over a phone
line, and you want to make sure that you received it properly, you could type:

ARC4 T JUNK

   Any errors that occur will be displayed and a total count will be given. If
no errors occur on a file, it will be displayed as "okay".

                                 ARC4 OPTIONS

   This section describes the options which are available to modify how ARC4
works. Any of these options can be combined with any of the commands, though
the result may not always be something you'd want to do.

BACKUP RETENTION

   When ARC4 changes an archive (during an Add, Update, Move, or Delete) it
creates a new archive with the same name, but with an extension of "/TMP".
   For example, if you add a file to an archive named STUFF/ARC, then ARC4 will
create a new archive named STUFF/TMP. ARC4 will read from your existing archive
and write out the new archive with any changes to the "/TMP" copy.
   Normally when ARC4 is finished it deletes the original and renames the new
archive to the original name (ie. STUFF/ARC goes away, and STUFF/TMP becomes
the new STUFF/ARC). Among other things, this means that if anything goes wrong
and ARC4 is unable to finish, then your original archive will still be intact.
   In some circumstances you may wish to retain the original version of the
archive as a backup copy. You can do this easily by using the Backup option.
Add the letter "B" to your command, and ARC4 will rename your original archive
to have an extension of "/BAK" instead of deleting it.
   In other words, if you wanted to add "WASTE/TXT" to an archive named
"JUNK/ARC", but wanted to keep a backup copy, then you would type:

ARC4 AB JUNK WASTE/TXT

   Your original archive would become "JUNK/BAK", while "JUNK/ARC" would
contain the new "WASTE/TXT" file.
   If you keep a backup of an archive which already has a backup, then the
older backup copy is deleted.
   Note that the "/TMP" file and/or the "/BAK" file are kept on the same drive
as your "/ARC" file.

ENCRYPTION/DECRYPTION

   Archive entries may be encrypted and decrypted by using the "G" (Garble)
option. The Garble option takes the remainder of the command string as the
password to use, so it must be the last option.
   For example, if you wanted to add a file named "WASTE/TXT" to an archive
named "JUNK/ARC", and you wanted to encrypt it using the password "DEBRIS",
then you would type:

ARC4 AGDEBRIS JUNK WASTE/TXT

   Later on, when you want to extract it again, you would type:

ARC4 EGDEBRIS JUNK WASTE/TXT

   The password you supply is used to encrypt (or decrypt) the archive entry by
performing an exclusive OR between each byte of the packed data and each byte
of the password. The password can be any length, and each of its bytes is used
in rotation. The password is converted to uppercase before it is used, so it is
not case sensitive. Since the encryption is performed on the packed data, it
has no effect on stowage factors.
   This is not a particularly sophisticated means of encryption, and it is
theoretically possible to crack. Still, since it is performed on the packed
data, the result should be quite sufficient for casual use.
   You can, if you wish, use different passwords for different files in an
archive, but it is not advisable. If you are going to encrypt an archive, use
the same password for every file, and give the password whenever you do
anything at all with the archive. It is possible to list the entries in an
encrypted archive using the "L" and "V" commands without giving the password,
but nothing else will work properly.
   It is advisable that you use this option sparingly, if at all. If you should
forget or mistype your password, it is highly unlikely that you will ever
recover your data.

                         MS-DOS ARC File Compatibility

   ARC4 uses the exact same conventions in its file creation as does MS-DOS
ARC. Therefore, archives created by ARC4 can be read by ARC and extracted
properly. Of course, CMD files and tokenized basic files will not run under
MS-DOS. Also, there has been no provision made in ARC4 to add a line feed after
every carriage return. This would make it difficult for an MS-DOS ARC user to
read text files extracted from archives created by ARC4. This is not a problem
with ARC4! Rather, it is differing conventions used in the different computers.
   An easy solution would be for the ARC4 user to first squeeze the text file
using SQ4/CMD and the new line option. After unsqueezing and then adding to the
archive, a line feed would follow every carriage return.
   ARC4 cannot read archives created by MS-DOS ARC except in some unique
circumstances. A table of contents listing (L,V) would error out on the first
encounter of a file crunched under ARC. It would also have a problem with the
old style headers because it does no conversion to the newer style header.
Therefore, if the first few files are what you wanted to obtain AND they were
squeezed, packed, or stored, you would be able to extract. If the first file in
the archive was crunched, you could not proceed. Watch for XARC4 to extract
files from an MS-DOS archive sometime in January.

                               TECHNICAL SUPPORT

   It should be obvious by now that SEA cannot provide technical support even
though they wrote the original ARC that ARC4 is based on. They do not have
access to the source code, nor do they have a Model IV Tandy computer. ARC4 is
NOT in the public domain and can only be modified with the permission of the
original copyright holders of ARC and myself. Except for providing
contributions or obtaining a noncommercial or a commercial site license, you
should not be contacting SEA for support for ARC4.
   Please address all inquiries concerning ARC4 technical matters to:

David Huelsmann
3308 Delamar NE
Albuquerque, NM 87107

or to
SSE BBS
(505) 821-7379
1200/2400 bps anytime
300 bps after 2400 Mountain

or to

CIS ppn  71525,1363|

                                VERSION NUMBERS

   The version number of ARC4 is given as follows XX.YY.ZZ.

XX = a major revision, such as adding a new packing algorithm.
YY = a minor revision that is not essential, but which may be desired.
ZZ = a trivial revision that will probably only be desired by  specific
     individuals or by die-hard "latest version" fanatics.

   ARC4 also displays its date of last edit. A change of the date without a
corresponding change in version number indicates a truly trivial change, such
as fixing a spelling error.

                         COMMON QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q:

   Why isn't crunching available in ARC4? Crunching is much faster.

A:

   Actually, crunching isn't really as fast as it looks. Crunching is a one
pass operation, while squeezing requires two passes. ARC actually does the
crunching during the analysis pass, and puts the crunched output in a file
named "$ARCTEMP.CRN". If crunching turns out to be the best method, then this
temporary file is copied into the new archive. In other words, when ARC says
"crunching" it isn't really crunching, it's just copying a file.
   Also, there are a lot of files out there that squeeze much better than they
crunch.
   Due to the memory limitations of the Tandy Model IV, it just wasn't possible
to add the coding and the tables necessary to handle crunching in ARC4.

Q:

   Why does ARC4 run out of room if I make an archive bigger than about 180k?

A:

   Because you are working on a floppy disk. ARC4 creates a copy of your
archive, incorporating any new files as it goes. When it is done, it deletes
the original and renames the new one. There are a number of reasons for doing
it this way, one being that your original archive is still intact if anything
happens while ARC4 is running.
   If you need to make a larger archive, and if you have a fixed disk, then you
can create the archive on the fixed disk and then copy it to the floppy.

Q:

   Can I use ARC4 to distribute my public domain or freeware program?

A:

   Yes, of course.

Q:

   Can I use ARC4 to distribute my commercial software package?

A:

   Yes. Please contact SEA for a commercial distribution license.

Q:

   I'm a commercial user. Why should I pay for freeware that others get for
free?

A:

   Because you cannot credibly plead poverty. Freeware, all freeware, is an
attempt to develop a new marketing channel to the benefit of everyone. You can
still "test drive" freeware for a short period, but if you decide to use it in
your business, then you should pay for it.

Q:

   Why not allow me to select which method of compression I want ARC4 to use?

A:

   It would needlessly complicate ARC4, both internally and in use. The exact
nature of the compression methods used are complex, and quite different. The
only sure way to tell which will be best in any given case is to analyze the
data, as ARC4 does. The method chosen may not always be what you expect.

Q:

   How can I get the latest version of ARC4?

A:

   ARC4 updates are distributed through normal freeware channels, and by
FidoNet.

                               REVISION HISTORY

    Version 01.00.00 12/11/86 of ARC4/CMD was released on 12/28/86.

                          PROGRAM HISTORY AND CREDITS

   ARC4/CMD is based on ARC Version 5.1.2 of System Enhancement Associates.
Thom Henderson graciously gave his permission to release a modified version of
ARC for the TANDY Model IV users on 12/11/86.
   While a number of changes and adaptations had to be made to the existing
source code (including eliminating some features like Lempel-Zev crunching),
the majority of the program is the original work of SEA, now, almost 2 years
old. The following is the program history and credits, as described by SEA, for
MS-DOS ARC:

   In its short life thus far, ARC has astounded us with its popularity. We
first wrote it in March of 1985 because we wanted an archive utility that used
a distributive directory approach, since this has certain advantages over the
more popular central directory approach. We added automatic squeezing in
version 2 at the prompting of a friend. In version 2.1 we added the code to
test for the best compression method.
   Now (in October of 1985) we find that our humble little program has spread
across the country, and seems to have become a new institution.We are thankful
for the support and appreciation we have received. We hope that you find this
program of use.
   If we have achieved greatness, it is because we have stood upon the
shoulders of giants. Nothing is created as a thing unto itself, and ARC is no
exception. Therefore, we would like to give credit to the following people,
without whose efforts ARC could not exist:

   Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, whose book "Software  Tools" provided
many of the ideas behind the distributive directory approach used by ARC.
   Dick Greenlaw, who wrote the public domain SQ and USQ programs, in which the
Huffman squeezing algorithm was first developed.
   Robert J. Beilstein, who adapted SQ and USQ to Computer Innovations C86 (the
language we use), thus providing us with important parts of our squeezing
logic.
   Kent Williams, who graciously allowed us to use his LZWCOM and LZWUNC
programs as a basis for our Lempel-Zev compression logic, and who continues to
make valuable contributions.
   David Schwaderer, whose article in the April 1985 issue of PC Tech Journal
provided us with the logic for calculating the CRC 16 bit polynomial.
   Terry  A. Welch, whose article "A Technique for  High Performance Data
Compression", IEEE Computer Vol 17 No 6 (June 1984) seems to have started all
the research on Lempel-Zev coding.
   Spencer W. Thomas, Jim McKie, Steve Davies, Ken Turkowski, James A. Woods,
and Joe Orost, who are the authors of the UNIX compress utility.
   And many, many others whom we could not identify.

                                 SITE LICENSE

   Corporate users may wish to obtain a site license for the use of ARC4.
Please use the order form in this manual to order a site license. Site licenses
are granted as of when SEA receives your payment. License fees vary depending
on the number of computers on which ARC4 will be used, as follows:

1 to 9 copies   - $35 each
10 to 24 copies - $25 each
25 to 49 copies - $20 each
50 to 99 copies - $15 each
over 99 copies  - $1500 one time fee

   The following is a site license agreement, which should be signed and sent
with your payment when ordering a commercial site license.

                            Site License Agreement

   The use of ARC4 in a commercial environment or government organization is
granted under the following terms:

1. Payment of the license fee must be made to System Enhancement Associates.
   The fee is based on the number of computers which will be used to run ARC,
   as follows:

   1 to   9 copies  $35 each
   10 to 24 copies  $25 each
   25 to 49 copies  $20 each
   50 to 99 copies  $15 each
   over  99 copies  $1500 one time fee

2. You may use ARC4 on the number of computers included in the license fee. If
   you have paid the fee for over 99 copies, then you may use ARC4 on any
   number of computers within your organization.

3. You may make copies of the program, in its original, unmodified form,
   without restriction. You may distribute these copies of the program without
   restriction.

4. If these copies are distributed outside of your organization, you have no
   obligation to control the use of those copies which are outside of your
   organization.

5. You may make copies of the program documentation, in both its printed form
   and machine readable form, without restriction.

6. You may use future versions of ARC4 under this license.

7. You may NOT modify the program or charge a fee for copying or distributing
   the program.

8. It is your responsibility to make the necessary copies and to deliver them
   to the computers which they will be used on.

   I agree to abide by the terms and conditions of this license.


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