Path: utzoo!mnetor!uunet!husc6!cmcl2!nrl-cmf!ames!pasteur!ucbvax!CS.ROCHESTER.EDU!nl-kr-request From: nl-kr-request@CS.ROCHESTER.EDU (NL-KR Moderator Brad Miller) Newsgroups: comp.ai.nlang-know-rep Subject: NL-KR Digest Volume 4 No. 46 Message-ID: <8805030057.AA18416@gemini.cs.rochester.edu> Date: 3 May 88 00:31:00 GMT Sender: daemon@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDU Reply-To: nl-kr@cs.rochester.edu Organization: University of Rochester, Department of Computer Science Lines: 555 Approved: nl-kr@cs.rochester.edu NL-KR Digest (5/02/88 20:28:56) Volume 4 Number 46 Today's Topics: Monthly Abstracts in AI Advances in Linguistic Rhetoric What are grammars (for)? GPSG know and believe help Submissions: NL-KR@CS.ROCHESTER.EDU Requests, policy: NL-KR-REQUEST@CS.ROCHESTER.EDU ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 18 Apr 88 07:21 EDT From: Robin Boswell Subject: Monthly Abstracts in AI TURING INSTITUTE PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT - MONTHLY ABSTRACTS IN AI Each issue contains 200 items selected from the latest conference proceedings, research reports, journals and books on AI and related topics, divided into 16 categories: Expert Systems Applications Logic Programming Advanced Computer Vision Advanced Robotics Pattern-Recognition Programming Languages and Software Automatic Programming Human-Computer Interaction Hardware Machine Learning Natural Language Cognitive Modelling Knowledge Representation Search control and Planning General For a free sample copy and further information, please contact: robin@turing.ac.uk or Jon Ritchie Turing Institute George House 36 North Hanover St. Glasgow G1 2AD U.K. Tel: (041) 552-6400 ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Apr 88 12:15 EDT From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Advances in Linguistic Rhetoric The current issue of Natural Language & Linguistic Theory (v.6 no.1 1988) contains an article that should be of special interest to readers of this news group. It is Paul Postal's "Advances in Linguistic Rhetoric" (pp. 129-137). Note that NLLT, unlike Language, is approved reading for young linguists. Here is an excerpt from the article: "Great strides are being made in linguistic rhetoric, whose progress puts the stasis in mere description and theorizing to shame. In the great rhetoric laboratories of the north-eastern United States, defensive shields are being perfected that can render any theory virtually impervious to factual corrosion." Postal then goes on to describe such standardized rhetoric techniques as the Phantom Theorem Move, The Phantom Principle Move, The Phantom Reference Move, and many others. An added bonus is that virtually all of Postal's examples derive from respected works in the GB literature. It should be required reading for anyone who wishes to advance an argument in that theoretical paradigm. -- Rick Wojcik csnet: rwojcik@boeing.com uucp: {uw-june uw-beaver!ssc-vax}!bcsaic!rwojcik address: P.O. Box 24346, MS 7L-64, Seattle, WA 98124-0346 phone: 206-865-3844 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 20 Apr 88 12:00 EDT From: Rick Wojcik Subject: What are grammars (for)? RESPONSE TO: HESTVIK%BRANDEIS.BITNET@MITVMA.MIT.EDU Arild Hestvik writes: AH> ... You don't need any pragmatic context to decide that 'He AH> likes John', with JOHN and HE coreferent is illformed... Ah yes. That narcissistic fool John. Who does he like above all others? He likes John. Who does he like to look at? He likes to look at John... Note that "He likes himself" is also reasonable here. The point is that no grammaticality judgments exist independently of stipulations about language use. And that makes sense, since the grammar plays a direct role in language production. AH> ... the fact that [something] is ungrammatical TELLS US something very AH> significant about the nature of human grammars, but we cannot discover what AH> it is unless the grammar gives an analysis of the sentence. I don't think we have any fundamental disagreement on what generative grammars do. We are both well read in the literature. Of course linguists use grammatical analyses of ill-formed strings to make points about grammar development. My interest is in the processing of degenerate language--How does generativism help us to understand this issue? I believe that the competence/performance dichotomy, the basis of generative grammar, impedes our understanding of language behavior. AH> It's not an a priori requirement on generative grammar that it has a AH> coherent position on the way it interacts with performance... At least we can agree that generative grammar has no coherent position. AH> ... Rather, this interaction is an empirical question and people are AH> working on figuring it out... This argument has lost some of its punch since the early sixties. In computer science, the expression is Real Soon Now ;-). AH> If you actually read any of the scientific literature, you would find that AH> generative grammar is NOT meant to correspond to any real psychological AH> PROCESS, but rather to real psychological KNOWLEDGE... That is the official view with which we are all intimately acquainted. It is patently absurd. There are two aspects to performance--comprehension and production. We can all agree that there are psychological processes or strategies which are needed to produce and understand language. It is clear that language understanding cannot be rigidly governed by grammatical processes, since we understand ungrammatical speech. On the other hand, unless you believe in random generation and incredibly good luck :-), every grammatical process is a real process of speech production. I would say that most KNOWLEDGE of language follows from our understanding of the circumstances under which we would USE it. (This is not the same as claiming that everything which affects speech production is a grammatical rule.) Most linguistic theories take the position that grammars are neutral between production and perception, but the generative literature almost never discusses language production. Linguistic performance has become de facto language comprehension--a largely agrammatical aspect of performance. The derivational complexity issue was governed by experiments that measured comprehension, not production. Finally, your attempt at formulating a rule of UG (pronounced "ugh" :-) did not make much sense to me. You said "If AGR is rich, then you have pro-drop." I don't know how the child's brain is supposed to calculate richness. There is also the question of when to use pro-drop and when not to. I would propose an alternative. All children come equipped with automatic pro-drop as a direct constraint on language production. Children learning languages without pro-drop develop obligatory pro-insertion. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 26 Apr 88 12:19 EDT From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Re: What are grammars (for)? Philip Resnik writes: PR> ... I can easily come up with a context in which PR> "He likes John" is *NOT* ill-formed: "John is such an egotist. He doesn't PR> like his co-workers. He doesn't like his students. He likes John. Period." I tried to submit the same type of example earlier, but the posting failed. Anyway, I agree with your response to Arild. No grammaticality judgments can be made independently of stipulations on language use. Arild Hestvik writes: AH> With pragmatic context you can make 'He-i likes John-i' understandable, as AH> you point out. But I don't think this is the same as grammatical, since by AH> grammatical we mean "wellformed by the grammar"... The question is what we mean by grammaticality judgments. You claimed earlier that 'He likes John' was not interpretable as coreference. Now you want to stipulate that you only meant coreference as it applies in binding theory. But that concept of coreference comes equipped with the assumption that sentences occur in a 'null context'--out of the blue. This is still a stipulation on language use. You can't build a reasonable theory of grammar if you ignore the way in which grammatical structures get used. If your goal is to construct a language-understanding system, then your system will only apply to the contexts that you choose to examine. And the 'null context' is not a very useful one. It only seems to occur in conversations about linguistic theory :-). From Arild Hestvik's earlier reply to me: AH> It's not an a priori requirement on generative grammar that it has a AH> coherent position on the way it interacts with performance... At least we can agree that generative grammar has no coherent position. AH> ... Rather, this interaction is an empirical question and people are AH> working on figuring it out... This argument has lost some of its punch since the early sixties. In computer science, the expression is Real Soon Now ;-). AH> If you actually read any of the scientific literature, you would find that AH> generative grammar is NOT meant to correspond to any real psychological AH> PROCESS, but rather to real psychological KNOWLEDGE... That is the official view with which we are all acquainted. It is patently absurd. There are two aspects to performance--comprehension and production. We can all agree that there are psychological processes or strategies which are needed to produce and understand language. It is clear that language understanding cannot be rigidly governed by grammatical processes, since we understand ungrammatical speech. On the other hand, unless you believe in random generation and incredibly good luck :-), every grammatical process is a real process of speech production. I would say that most KNOWLEDGE of language follows from our understanding of the circumstances under which we would USE it. (This is not the same as claiming that everything which affects speech production is a grammatical rule.) Most linguistic theories take the position that grammars are neutral between production and perception, but the generative literature almost never discusses language production. Linguistic performance has become de facto language comprehension--a largely agrammatical aspect of performance. The derivational complexity issue was governed by experiments that measured comprehension, not production. Finally, your attempt at formulating a rule of UG did not make much sense to me. You said "If AGR is rich, then you have pro-drop." How does the child's brain richness. There is also the question of when to use pro-drop and when not to. I would propose an alternative. All children come equipped with automatic pro-drop as a direct constraint on language production. Children learning languages without pro-drop develop obligatory pro-insertion. -- Rick Wojcik csnet: rwojcik@boeing.com uucp: uw-beaver!ssc-vax!bcsaic!rwojcik address: P.O. Box 24346, MS 7L-64, Seattle, WA 98124-0346 phone: 206-865-3844 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 20 Apr 88 12:49 EDT From: Pete Humphrey Subject: GPSG While looking at the description of STM2 in the analysis of unbounded dependencies in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GKPS), I was unable to determine how missing subject constructions like "The man that chased Fido returned" are generated. As the authors point out, STM2 will not apply to non-lexical ID rules. If the imbedded clause is not introduced as a subcategorized complement in a lexical ID rule, how is it generated? I am probably overlooking something obvious, but could someone explain how GPSG handles this type of construction? Thanks. Pete Humphrey charon.unm.edu!xochitl!pete ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 22 Apr 88 12:52 EDT From: Jeffrey Goldberg Subject: Re: GPSG In article <117@xochitl.UUCP> pete@xochitl.UUCP (Pete Humphrey) writes: >While looking at the description of STM2 in the analysis >of unbounded dependencies in Generalized Phrase Structure >Grammar (GKPS), I was unable to determine how missing >subject constructions like "The man that chased Fido returned" >are generated. As the authors point out, STM2 will not >apply to non-lexical ID rules. If the embedded clause is >not introduced as a subcategorized complement in a lexical >ID rule, how is it generated? I am probably overlooking >something obvious, but could someone explain how GPSG >handles this type of construction? Thanks. > >Pete Humphrey >charon.unm.edu!xochitl!pete You are not really missing something obvious. You are missing a counter-intuitive kludge. And, a paper was presented at the 1988 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society by Nancy Wiegand which showed enumerated why the GPSG treatment is counter-intuitive, and also presented a new kind of argument (from diachronic theory) that the analysis is wrong. Professor Wiegand can be reached at Nancy_Wiegand@um.cc.umich.edu. The GKPS ("Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar" by Gazdar, Klein, Pullum, and Sag) treatment of short relatives does not involve the feature SLASH. If we take the NP (1) the man who chased Fido we get something like this (I don't have my copy of GKPS with me, so please forgive errors of some details). (1t) ..tr (NP (Det (the)) (N1 (N1 (N (man))) (S\[REL\] (NP\[REL\] (who)) (VP (V (chased)) (NP (Fido)))))) (1t) NP ____|____ | | Det N1 | ____|_____ the | | N1 S[REL] | ___|____ N | | | NP[REL] VP man | ___|____ who | | V NP | | chased Fido So, there is no SLASHing, the normal S --> NP VP phrase structure rule is used for expanding the S[REL]. REL is really short for [WH [WH-MORPH REL]]. WH is a FOOT feature, and there is an FCR blocking WH on VPs. So, when you have a S[REL] expanding with the normal S --> NP VP rule the NP must be a relative. Now, the trick should be clear. The wonderfully ambiguous word 'that' is also a relative pronoun in this construction! (This kind of argument is made explicitly in an earlier GPSG paper, "Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structures" by Gerald Gazdar in LI 198[12].) As I have said, Wiegand 1988 adds a new reason against this treatment of Relative 'that'. One hypothesized solution is to allow for VP's with complementizers. Again it is counter-intuitive, but I think that some motivation can be provided by looking at the Scandanavian languages. The rules we've (Chris Culy and myself) come up with to get the nitty-gritty details are not pleasant to look at. I would send them too you if I could find them among my files. Another things is to junk the whole GPSG restriction on subject extraction. This is not really possible because the GPSG restriction follows from to many things built into the theory. Furthermore, there is a lot that is really nice in the theory. Treating short subject extraction as not really extraction has some nice consequences. (2) Which glass of milk's been spilt? (3) *Which glass of milk's Ben spelled? As well as neatly covering the "'that'-trace" effects very neatly. Is really pretty when it comes to parasitic gaps, and the coordinate structure facts come out nicely as well. Problems arise however. The GPSG account does nothing to rule out the profoundly ungrammatical (4). (4) *Who did pictures of hang on a wall? Because of the Subject-Aux Inversion, the subject "pictures of __" is a sister to the lexical head "did". Thus, what normally rules out (nonparasitic) extraction from subject fails to apply here. This was pointed out in print by Pollard in (I think) "Phrase Structure Grammar Without Metarules" which is in one of the WCCFL volumes. (He proposes an alternative to GPSG that doesn't have the problem that GPSG does here, but also lacks the highly valued "rich deductive structure" of GPSG.) Another solution may be to give up the treatment of auxiliary verbs in English as lexical heads. But I won't go into that here. -jeff goldberg -- Jeff Goldberg Internet: goldberg@csli.stanford.edu ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 25 Apr 88 11:32 EDT From: Paul Neubauer Subject: Re: GPSG In article <3578@csli.STANFORD.EDU> goldberg@csli.UUCP (Jeffrey Goldberg) writes: >Another things is to junk the whole GPSG restriction on subject >extraction. This is not really possible because the GPSG >restriction follows from to many things built into the theory. >Furthermore, there is a lot that is really nice in the theory. >Treating short subject extraction as not really extraction has some >nice consequences. > >(2) Which glass of milk's been spilt? >(3) *Which glass of milk's Ben spelled? HUH?? I hope this is a typo of some sort. I certainly agree that (3) is *, but does that really mean anything? (4) strikes me as not much, if at all, better. (4a) ?*Ben's spelled a glass of milk. b) ?*Ben has spelled ... On the other hand, if we assume something sensible like: (5) Ben's spilled a glass of milk. then (6) strikes me as not so bad. (6a) Which glass of milk's Ben spilled? b) Which glass of milk has Ben spilled? I admit that (6b) sounds a bit better to me in isolation, but I don't see any relevance to that. I suspect that in the absence of context (either linguistic or real-world) that the example could be further improved by substituting "whose" for "which" since it is comparatively unobvious how one should identify a glass of milk (and 'by owner' seems as likely a means of identification as any). If (as seems likely to me) "glass of" is irrelevant to the construction in question, then (7) Whose milk's Ben spilled this time? strikes me as absolutely fine. The addition or removal of "glass of" certainly ought to have no bearing on questions of (subject??) extraction, if that is really the problem under discussion here. -- Paul Neubauer neubauer@bsu-cs.UUCP !{iuvax,pur-ee,uunet}!bsu-cs!neubauer ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 25 Apr 88 23:50 EDT From: Jeffrey Goldberg Subject: Re: GPSG In article <2726@bsu-cs.UUCP> neubauer@bsu-cs.UUCP (Paul Neubauer) writes: >In article <3578@csli.STANFORD.EDU> goldberg@csli.UUCP (Jeffrey Goldberg) writes: >>(2) Which glass of milk's been spilt? >>(3) *Which glass of milk's Ben spelled? >HUH?? I hope this is a typo of some sort. Yes, Sorry. The examples should have been (2') Which glass of milk's been spilled? (3') *Which glass of milk's Ben spilled? in contrast to (2'') Which glass of milk has been spilled? (3'') Which glass of milk has Ben spilled? My typos were so bad as to seriously confuse the point. In (2') we have the auxiliary 'has' contracting to the questioned phrase "which glass of milk". We already know that "has" can contract to subjects. "The glass of milk's been spilled." Given the GKPS analysis of extraction the phrase "which glass of milk" is in the subject position in (2') but not in (3'). It is certainly true that there are a million other perfectly plausible treatments of this cute fact (for those who get the judgments in 2'-3'), but nothing is particulary compelling and it does fit nicely with the GPSG treatment. -- Jeff Goldberg Internet: goldberg@csli.stanford.edu ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 24 Apr 88 02:59 EDT From: Yuan Tsai Subject: know and believe The meaning of 'know' and 'believe' is intriquing. Scholars who are concerned with their meaning tend to treat them as semantic primitives and tend to consider them as not related. But I think this is worng. I suspect that the two words share something in common. Consider the following sentences: (1) John knows that Mary is smart. (2) John believes that Mary is smart. Both (1) and (2) share the same basic meaning: 'John has a piece of information in his mind that Mary is smart.' But they differ in whether or not the actual speakers of (1) or (2) have the same information (or if you like, proposition). The speaker of (1) is committed to the information. The speaker of (2) is either committed to the opposite of the information (in this case, 2 is a false belief on the part of John from the speaker's viewpoint) or he does NOT have the information at all (in this second possible reading, 2 is a belief neutral to the speaker). For the two notions of 'know' and 'believe,' most languages, I believe, have two distinct forms (as in English) or even three (as in Mandarin Chinese: chudau 'know', siangsin 'neutral belief', yiwei 'false belief'; or in Japanese: siru 'know', sinziru '(neutral) belief', omoikomu 'false belief'), because they are very important in indicating the reliability (to be exact, the reliability according to the subjective view of the speaker) of the information in exchange. But I think there may be some languages which use the same form for both 'know' and 'believe', but distinques them with particles or suffixes. If the morphology of a language is such that some words are formed by agglutinating more basic morphemes together and if this language has some systematic uses of particles or suffixes, then it is possibl that the partial overlapping of 'know' and 'believe' will be reflected in the same stem or morepheme and that the use of particles or suffixes will reflect whether the complement is true or not. Does anyone know any languages of this kind? ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 28 Apr 88 14:46 EDT From: James W. Meritt Subject: help Would someone please email/post proofs/disproofs/references to the following: S-W hypo, which I read as "The limits of your language are the limits of your thoughts" (corrections welcome) "Any statement in one language can be translated into any other without loss" I have seen these, and have no problems with one and immense difficulty with the other. My training is in problem solving methodologies (Operations research / general systems analysis) not linguistics, so I would appreciate, and probably understand, suitable arguments/presentations. (i.e. "it is commonly held that" and "I wish" are equally null. Observables are terrific.) Thank you. p.s. anybody hear about anything coming from Brown's loglan? I have the lead-in language manual, but have seen no results. Disclaimer: Individuals have opinions, organizations have policy. Therefore, these opinions are mine and not any organizations! Q.E.D. jwm@aplvax.jhuapl.edu 128.244.65.5 (James W. Meritt) ------------------------------ End of NL-KR Digest *******************