Path: utzoo!utgpu!jarvis.csri.toronto.edu!mailrus!tut.cis.ohio-state.edu!bloom-beacon!CHAMARTIN.AI.MIT.EDU!jinx From: jinx@CHAMARTIN.AI.MIT.EDU (Guillermo J. Rozas) Newsgroups: comp.lang.scheme.c Subject: Macros in MIT-Scheme (long) Message-ID: <8901271611.AA02240@chamartin.ai.mit.edu> Date: 27 Jan 89 16:11:27 GMT References: Sender: daemon@bloom-beacon.MIT.EDU Reply-To: jinx@zurich.ai.mit.edu Distribution: inet Organization: The Internet Lines: 117 Does anyone have a description of the macro facilities of MIT-Scheme? It appears that you make changes in the syntax-tables, but I have been unable to find any definitions of the facilities in the distribution that I FTP'ed. In particular, what environments are used when in the macro expansion phase? The following description matches release 6.2.2. There probably won't be many user visible changes for release 7. The interpreter interprets a language called "Scode". The syntaxer (invoked with the procedure SYNTAX) translates list structure representing Scheme expressions to Scode. The syntaxer is guided in this process by a structure called a "syntax table", which defines the transformations between various special forms and Scode. A list whose first element is not a keyword defined in the syntax table is assumed to be a procedure application, and is translated accordingly. Individual symbols are assumed to represent variable references. The basic operations on syntax tables are: (MAKE-SYNTAX-TABLE #!optional parent-syntax-table) (SYNTAX-TABLE-REF syntax-table keyword) (SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE syntax-table keyword expander) The expander must be a procedure taking S-expressions as input and producing Scode. For convenience there is a macro called MACRO similar to LAMBDA which wraps the body of the expander in the appropriate code to translate into Scode. For example, (syntax-table-define 'FOO (macro (x y z) `(list ,z (+ ,x ,y)))) adds a new keyword (FOO) to with the obvious meaning. Note that (syntax-table-define 'FOO (lambda (x y z) `(list ,z (+ ,x ,y)))) would not have the same effect, since there is no translation to Scode here, and lists are not necessarily valid Scode. The base syntax table is the value of the variable SYSTEM-GLOBAL-SYNTAX-TABLE. The syntax table of the read eval print loop (usually a child of SYSTEM-GLOBAL-SYNTAX-TABLE) is returned by the procedure named REP-SYNTAX-TABLE. Therefore, a way to install a "macro" in the syntax table used to translate keyboard input is to type (syntax-table-define (rep-syntax-table) 'FOO (macro (x y z) `(list ,z (+ ,x ,y)))) Note that the expression producing the expander is evaluated in the same environment where the whole expression is evaluated, since SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE is not a special form keyword. The recommended way of extending syntax tables is to have a bunch of SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE expressions in a file, and this file can be loaded into any appropriate environment. Since files are, theoretically, translated as a unit before they are evaluated, and SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE is not a special form keyword, a SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE expression appearing in a file should have no effect on the rest of the file. The syntax table according to which an expression (or a file) is translated can be manipulated by using the following special forms: (USING-SYNTAX . ) is evaluated at translation time in a special enviroment (called syntax-environment) and should produce a valid syntax table. The rest of the form is translated according to this syntax table. (LET-SYNTAX (( ) ( ) ...) . ) LET-SYNTAX makes a new syntax table with the bindings expressed by the pairs. This new syntax table has as its parent the syntax table used to expand the LET-SYNTAX itself. The forms are then expanded in this syntax table. Note that the expanders are just like the expanders given to SYNTAX-TABLE-DEFINE, and are therefore usually created by using the MACRO special form. They are evaluated (closed) in the syntaxer environment. Some suggestions: LET-SYNTAX should be used only for relatively trivial things. For more complicated things, the code should be split into two files. One file should contain the code that creates and modifies syntax tables to provide the new syntactic features. The other file should contain the desired code with the relevant parts surrounded by appropriate USING-SYNTAX forms. In this way the file that defines the syntactic extensions has convenient control of the environment, since it contains "normal" Scheme code (a bunch of definitions, usually). Note also that the expression producing the syntax table in a USING-SYNTAX expression is evaluated in the syntaxer environment, which does not have the usual user environment as its parent, therefore a good way to reference user defined sytnax tables is to use the idioms (using-syntax (access my-syntax-table user-initial-environment) . ) (using-syntax (access my-syntax-table (rep-environment)) . )